Identification of Food Constituents Essay

Method (testing for reducing sugars) 1. Add 3cm? of whole milk, by using a pipette or syringe to the test tube. 2. Add 5cm? of Benedict’s reagent and place it in the boiling water bath for 8 minutes. Do the same for semi-skimmed milk and skimmed milk. 3. Once all 3 of the test tubes are left to cool in the air, observe the colours. It will be a good idea to set up a range of colour standards from glucose concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% so that you can relate the colours observed to these concentrations. 4. A positive result would be from green to yellow to brick-red colour. Method (testing for non-reducing sugars) 5. Make up the same solution as step 1 but this time, adding 3cm? of dilute hydrochloric acid to break the glycosidic bonds between the monosaccharides. 6. Then add 3cm? of sodium hydroxide solution to neutralise it. 7. Add 5cm? of Benedict’s reagent and place it in the water bath for 8 minutes. 8. Once it’s left to cool, it should now turn brick-red colour. 9. The concentration of a non-reducing sugar can be estimated by first adding a drop of 10% invertase (sucrase) concentrate to 2cm? of the solution to be tested and leaving for 30 minutes at room temperature. The solution is tested for the presence of a reducing sugar. This method is preferable to acid hydrolysis. Method (testing for starch) 10. On each of the three types of milk, just add a few drops of iodine which is dissolved in potassium iodide solution. 11. The sample should change from browny-orange, to a dark, blue-black colour. Method (testing for proteins) 12. Place 2cm? of the three different types of milks on each tube. 13. Then add 2cm? of Biuret reagent and you should see a purple-violet colour developing. The intensity of it is proportional to the protein content. Method (testing for fats) 14. Add 3cm? of the three different types of milk on each test tube and 3cm? of water. 15. Place 1 drop of Sudan III to each test tube and shake gently to mix. 16. Using a microscope, a slide and a cover slip, identify any emulsion of red fat droplets. 17. Alternatively, you could add a drop of each of the milk on a filter paper and see if there is a translucent stain for a positive result. Results table Solution (Milk)TestObservationsConclusion SkimmedBenedict’sLime green (lightest)A slight amount of monosaccharides or reducing sugars present Semi-skimmedBenedict’sLime green (lighter)A slight amount of monosaccharides or reducing sugars present WholeBenedict’sLime greenA slight amount of monosaccharides or reducing sugars present SkimmedInvertaseYellowish-greenHardly any monosaccharides or reducing sugars present Semi-skimmedInvertaseYellowish-greenHardly any monosaccharides or reducing sugars present WholeInvertaseYellowish-greenHardly any monosaccharides or reducing sugars present SkimmedBiuretViolet purpleProtein present. Semi-skimmedBiuretPurpleLot’s of protein present WholeBiuretLight purpleProtein present Conclusion If there were to be a fair amount of monosaccharides to be present all 3 different types of milk, then we would surely see a brick-red precipitate formed when adding the Benedict’s reagent. But according to my range of colour standards from glucose (monosaccharide) concentrations, the lime-green colour given out from each of the 3 milks shows us that it does contain a minor amount of monosaccharides (reducing sugars). Adding a drop of invertase normally should break the glycosidic bonds that are holding the disaccharides together to form monosaccharides. But my results show that it’s a yellowish-green colour instead of a brick-red colour after adding Benedict’s reagent. This shows us that there is hardly any disaccharides present which I thought there would be as lactose, a disaccharide, is mostly present in milks. But this result may have a different view on that. The fact that all 3 milks turned purple after adding Biuret reagent assures us that there is protein present. If there is protein present, that means there is starch present too because starch and proteins are polysaccharides. Evaluation It is noticeable that I haven’t done the test for starch and fats. This is simply due to the fact that I run out of time. Using a 5cm? micro syringe would be more accurate than a pipette. When a precipitate is settled, I could have used a ruler to measure it out (in mm) instead of just using my eyes. Even better, using colorimeter would have provide accurate measurements on the amount of colour present and therefore, give us an indication of how much of the food constituents were present.

Cold War: question and answers Essay

1) The â€Å"iron curtain† was a dividing line because it was dividing Eastern and Western Europe. Western Europe had more of a democratic form of government where as Eastern Europe was ruled by the Soviet Union. 2) The policy President Truman is suggesting in his speech to Congress is the Truman Doctrine. The Truman Doctrine is a policy that stated that the United States would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet Sphere. This policy gave $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey. 3) The Secretary of State Marshall suggested this plan(the Marshall Plan) for European recovery so if Europe would come into economic, social, and political damage it would also affect the United States very negatively also. The Secretary of State wanted to avoid those negative affects on the United States. He wanted to avoid the negative effect the European situation would have on the United States economy. 4) The purpose of NATO is to protect North American countries and ten Western European countries from attack by the USSR. The North Atlantic Treaty stated that any and all attacks made against any member of NATO would be considered an attack against them all. Its basic goal waste increase the stability and defense of its member countries. 5) The â€Å"satellites† help provide a buffer for the Soviet Union because they can track which invader is coming toward their border or see if any bombs are heading towards the Soviet Union. The â€Å"satellites† also act as a buffer but protecting the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union won’t care about these other countries that will get caught up in war and social and economic upheaval. 6) Khrushchev’s view of U.S. actions are that moves made by the United States such as the â€Å"anti-communism† movement was used to cover up statements of one power for world domination. The U.S. wanted to have a secure, dominant world power in the capitalist world. In document sic Khrushchev states that the fight for capitalism will lead to another world war. 7) The impact the â€Å"arms race† had on the world was countries racing for nuclear weapons/WMD which led to a â€Å"balance of terror.† A lot feared use of these weapons and saw this as a deterrent to war. 8)The basis for President Kennedy’s demand that the missiles be removed from Cuba was that it threatened the peace and security of the United States, Kennedy wanted to stop any chance the missiles could be used against America for any reason. He saw it as a threat to world peace. 9)Krushchev explains that the missiles were placed in Cuba for defensive reasons and to stop any aggression against Cuba. He now explains the missiles could now be removed because there is no chance that Cuba will be attacked by any country in the Western Hemisphere . Essay: How did the Cold War begin and what â€Å"weapons† were used to fight this war? The Cold War began at the end of World War II. The Cold War was the conflict between the Communist Nations led by the Soviet Union and the Democratic Nations led by the United States. The entire purpose behind the Cold War was to stop the spread of communism which the United States was against. Communism was thought to corrupt and cripple the entire world. They fought by propaganda, economic war, and constant military clashes. The Cold War started September 3rd 1945 and ended in 1989. When the â€Å"Iron Curtain† came down in Eastern Europe, as Winston Churchill stated in his speech on March 5th, 1946 as shown in document one, that was when the Cold War began. The Soviet Union made many countries into â€Å"Soviet satellites†. A satellite nation is a nation that is effectively dominated by another. The Soviet satellite nations were: Albania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Soviet Union, East Germany, and Czech. The Untied States wanted for all the European countries to have the freedom to pick their own governments. The war between the two nations escalated quickly when the Soviet Union successfully developed their  own atomic bomb. It became a â€Å" war of words†, the words was â€Å"weapons†. No active shooting was done and no actual weapons were used. It was basically Democratic nations against Communist Nations, a war of words on who had atomic bombs to use against other nations. As stated in document two President Truman believed it was the Untied States duty to support those who are resisting attempted domination. He believed if communism was forced on Turkey or Greece by the Soviet Union, it will have effects that are far reaching to the West. The policy President Truman is suggesting in his speech to Congress on March 12th, 1947 is the Truman Doctrine. The Truman Doctrine is a policy that stated that the United States would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet Sphere. This policy gave $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey. Secretary of State Marshall gave a speech on June 5th, 1947 explaining his plan for European recovery as expressed in document three. The plan he was suggesting was the Marshall Plan. The Secretary of State Marshall suggested this plan(the Marshall Plan) for European recovery so if Europe would come into economic, social, and political damage it would also affect the United States very negatively too. The Secretary of State wanted to avoid those negative effects on the United States. He wanted to avoid the negative effect the European situation would have on the United States economy. It’s presented in both documents two and three that President Truman and Secretary of State Marshall had the best interest of the United States and other nations against communism at heart with both their policies. As presented on document four NATO is the North Atlantic Treaty. It was signed by the United States, Canada, and ten other nations of Western Europe in 1948. The purpose of NATO was to protect North American countries and those ten Western European countries from attack by the USSR. The North Atlantic Treaty stated that any and all attacks made against any member of NATO would be considered an attack against them all. Its basic goal was to increase the stability and defense of its member countries. NATO was basically an intergovernmental military alliance against the Soviet  Union and what they stood for which was communism. NATO constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its members state to agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party(any communist nation). In conclusion, the Cold War began because fear of the spread of communism that the United States and West Europe had hated. This prevented chances of negotiations and friendly approach in diplomacy and foreign policy. Another reason on how the Cold War began was grouping of world nations in rival alliances such as NATO and the Warsaw Pact members. The Warsaw Pact members were German Democratic Republic, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and the Soviet Union as shown in document five. The piling up of atomic weapons and picking either the democratic side or the communist side generated suspicion in one another.

Reflection Paper on School Counselor’s Skills

School Counselors’ Perception of Required Workplace Skills and Career Development Competencies John Barker Ph. D, Jamie Satcher, Ph. D The journal is about a research made to examine US counselors’ perception about the workplace skills and career development for the high school students who are going either work-bound or college bound. Researchers used a questionnaire with a participant of 152 high school counselors nationwide. It was defined from the study that work-bound students are those who are going to work right after high school while college-bound students are those who will pursue a degree after their secondary schooling.Workplace skills and career development competencies were essential for the high school students because according to their department of education, the students need to have a clear understanding of their future occupations. Results of the research indicated that high school counselors view work- and college-bound students as more similar tha n different in their need for developing required workplace skills and competencies. Moreover, the acquisition of said skills and competencies were recognized to be vital for both group of students.There is only a discrepancy when it comes to acquiring skills for according to the results, counselors believed that the work-bound students need to have more idea when it comes to skills so it will be easy for them to look for some jobs. The study emphasized on the great need of acquisition for high school students when it comes to work skills and career competencies as a part of their secondary school experience. Westerners have always been competitive when it comes to pursuing a career.The study was done in December 2000 and it is great to find out that they are already studying about the needs of career development for their high school students. On the other hand here in the country, counselors were just starting off making career programs, not to mention that most schools in the Phi lippines only have career talks. It is not that I am being judgmental when it comes to counseling programs in the country. It so happened that I realized how behind the Philippine schools when it comes to these programs.In fairness with some schools, they have a good guidance program particularly when it comes to placements. Problem here is that not most schools have a career program, so most students get into a course that they really do not like. An example of this is the boom in the nursing profession in our country. Several years ago, there was a big demand for nurses abroad. Almost every graduating secondary student was talking about it and how easy it will be for them to go to the other country for there is a greener grass there.Almost half of the population of each secondary school took the course. After four years of being in the college and passing the board examinations, their next question is â€Å"What now? † Since most of the students took the same course, the de mand decreased already and most of them ended up being jobless. I always look back on these days and I feel bad every time I think of it. I wished that there is someone who could have guided these people when they were choosing the course.Most of the nursing graduates that I know keep on saying that they regret the course they took and that they could have chosen another one. The Commission on Higher Education should really do something about it. On the lighter side of this issue, it is great news that schools are now starting to develop career guidance programs. These programs are even starting as early as pre-school. The National Career Assessment Examination is a great help in identifying their future career. A follow-up form the counselors is a bigger help in shaping their future goals.

Major programmes are just scaled-up projects. Do you agree or disagree Assignment

Major programmes are just scaled-up projects. Do you agree or disagree with this statement Explain your answer with reference to the implications for Major Programme Managers - Assignment Example I am absolutely sure a programme manager faces complementary challenges to managing various project leaders. This assignment will examine why major programmes cannot be termed as scale-up projects, and the implications on a major programme manager. Programmes cannot and should not be treated as scale-up projects. After performing a comparative biometric study of 517 program articles and a 1164 project articles published in the last 21 years in leading scientific business journals, Artto, Martinsuo, Gemunden, Murtuaro; found that projects relate dominantly to the product development theme, but programs relate to a wide variety of management themes. Examples include; manufacturing, quality, organizational change, change in work and industry, and product development. The level of analysis with programs seems to be an organization and its major parts. Project articles, on the other hand, seem to focus on single project level issues. The object of programmes is the change of a permanent organization. With projects, the permanent organization is a given factor that dictates criteria and enablers for project success (Artto, Martinsuo, Gemunden, Murtuaro, 2007). A programme manager faces organizational outcomes related challenges. The major challenge of the programme manager is the coordination of structures and processes used to manage multiple inter-related projects in the organization (Partington, Pellegrinelli, Toung, 2004). Programmes are a collection of change actions that might include both projects and non-project actions (Thiry, The Wiley Guide). Programme managers are accountable for the running of major functions in the corporation. They ensure the horizontal integration of projects and processes for the formulation of business strategies. They are also responsible for the vertical integration approach of projects across the project portfolio. Closing, through governance, the gap between corporate goals and product

Tiger airway case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tiger airway case study - Essay Example Managers in Tiger use the low fares as a tool for attracting customers – also for keeping their existing customers. However, this practice has affected the firm’s overall competitive strategy. Also, other parts of the organizational activity, for instance the level of the firm’s profits but also the quality of the service delivery has been influenced by the decision of the firm’s manager to adopt a ‘low-fares’ strategy. The above problem would be made clear by referring primarily to the relevant literature. Then, reference should be made in the relationship between the firm’s low-fare strategy and the other elements of the organization, as described above. In accordance with Daly (2002) pricing is a valuable competitive strategy; it is noted that even a minor decrease in the price of a product/ service can help a firm ‘to get a contract’ (Daly 2002, 14). On the other hand, Smith (2011) states that pricing is not always a co mpetitive advantage; reference is made specifically to the case that a firm decreases its prices lower than its competitors. It is explained that in the above case pricing cannot be characterized as a competitive advantage since the firm has no profits, and in this way, no advantage exists for the firm by adopting the particular strategy (Smith 2011, 272). From another point of view, Porter (1998, 528) notes that through pricing, a firm can support its brand name. This view is particular important in the case of low fare airlines, like the firm in the case under discussion. Moreover, Marn, Baker and Zawada (2010, 81) state that pricing can be accepted as an effective competitive strategy but only under the terms that the laws on fair competition are not violated. Towards the same direction, Spulber (2007) supports that pricing can be a highly effective competitive strategy but only if it is combined with another strategy of similar scope; reference is made, for example to the combin ation by firms of pricing and distribution strategies for achieving a competitive advantage (Spulber 2007, 176). In the case under examination the effects of the firm’s low-fares strategy on its other strategies, would be described as follows: a) the firm’s competitive strategy have been affected by the low-fare practice at the following points: a1) it is difficult for the firm to develop other competitive strategies due to the reduction of its profits, a2) the firm’s brand name is enhanced – as a low – fare airline services provider, a3) because the quality of the firm’s services has been decreased, the actual benefits of the firm in regard to its competitiveness towards its rivals are minimized; b) because of the decrease of fares, the profits of the firm are decreased; this fact, inevitably affects the firm’s performance, since it is not possible for the firm to introduce plans for securing its position in the market; c) at the nex t level, the limitation of the firm’s profits has led to the decrease of the quality of its services – a fact highlighted in the case study (where reference is made to the lack of cleanliness of the cabin, the inappropriateness of the seats in terms of space left for passengers, the lack of facilities and stores in the waiting area of the airport – referring to the part of the airport where the passengers of the particular firm have to wait – and so on); from this point of view, the decrease of the firm’s fares has not led to the acquisition by the firm of a

Article summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary - Article Example finally that CBPR would seek balance between community members and researchers/practitioners through shared co-teaching, leadership, co-learning opportunities and therefore benefit from the expertise of both community practitioners and researchers. Participatory action research was suitable for this patient population because this kind of research is especially appropriate for public health nurses working with populations and communities since it offers a framework that builds upon local community knowledge, enabling the public health nurses as well as their community partners to be sensitive not only to the culture but also ecological context. Secondly participatory action research also serves as a useful guide in development of programs suitable for promoting healthy communities and health equality. Thirdly, this kind of research also allows socio-cultural contexts, systems, and meaning to emerge through a collaborative process between community members and public health nurses. Fourthly, early research in substance use provided a firm foundation for community participation .Participation action research is also very important in the acquisition of local community’s knowledge of substance nonuse and use so as to provide a richer understanding of the health-related needs and assets of the community, environment and circumstances surrounding substance-related illness and health, population and community conditions, beliefs, attitudes as well as traditions directed toward substance nonuse or use-related health risk behaviors. Some of the unique benefits of this study revolve around the unique strategies utilized in the community participation such as mapping (Geographic Information Systems) (GIS), and Photovoice (picture-taking by members of the community as well as researchers and practitioners).GIS as a tool enables assessment and analysis of the ecological context of a population together with phenomena such as youth substance nonuse and use within a

Morrisons Supermarkets Plc Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Morrisons Supermarkets Plc - Assignment Example It is mainly to decrease the level of obesity among the citizens of UK. Due to which, the government of UK is presenting huge number of campaigns so as to increase the level of awareness over obesity. Side by side, they are also presenting the details or extent of the nutrients that might help an individual to attain a healthy and fit body. So, all the supermarkets are trying to present or display the products including the exact mixture of nutrients to help the customers, in reducing obesity. Side by side, they are also presenting the GDA for men and women so as to maintain a healthy body. The prime objective of such strategy is to retain the older customers and to attract the new ones so as to remain competitive in the market. Otherwise, the supermarkets like Morrison’s might lose its range of customers and reputation in the market among others. Economic- inflation offered high impact over the prices of the products of the supermarkets and many other retail organizations. Du e to which, the supermarket owners had to present products with lower prices so as to retain its brand image and range of customers. Side by side, the decrease in the rate of the disposable income also created a substantial impact over the buying behaviour of the customers. Therefore, in order to fulfil their requirements and demands, the supermarket players had to present wide range of product lines. It is done, so as to match their incomes, living standards and life styles. Therefore, only due to the presence of varied types of products, the supermarkets like Morrison’s became successful in retaining its range of customers and profit margin in such challenging scenario... This paper stresses that according to the high brand image and recognition in the market of UK, the total sale and revenue of the Morrison Supermarket is increasing rapidly. Along with this, due to the presence of varied types of products, customers of varied income groups and living standards might avail facility to purchase the products. Side by side, all the customers might very easily avail the facility of discounts on the products presented by Morrison Supermarket. So, it might be depicted that Morrison attains a very reputed position in the market as compared to others. Side by side, as it is widely expanding, its brand value and equity is also increasing significantly in the market among others. The author of the essay declares that In order to increase the popularity and brand image of Morrison supermarket, it is essential to implement an online site. This might prove effective in enhancing its total sales and revenues as well. Side by side, the organization might also try to recruit trained staffs within the organization so as assist the customers at the time of purchasing any products. This might prove effective in increasing its total sale and brand value as well. This report makes a conclusion that it might be stated that the brand value and recognition of the organization of Morrison might be enhanced by increasing its variety of products. Along with this, if the range of discounts presented over the products might be increased, then the range of customers may also be increased.

B202 PART B TMA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

B202 PART B TMA - Essay Example Higher the ratio, higher is the margin of safety for the creditors. Main ratios used in the analysis are: For looking at long term trends in performance key ratios (as above) were obtained for the years 2005 to 2008. Comparison of these ratios over these four years shows the trend for the enterprise whether it is upward, downward or stagnant. It was also thought prudent to see how the enterprise stands as compared to the industry. In view of the fact that at present the economy is going through an exceptional downturn, it was thought best to analyze the past performance by averaging the data from 2005 to 2008. The average of figures from 2005 to 2008 obtained was then taken as base to calculate the analytical ratios. These ratios were then compared with the industry ratios to highlight the areas in which Tesco’s performance is better than its competitors. Profitability- In terms of profitability Gross Profit Margin is range bound showing only a marginal decline of 0.11% over four year period from 2005 to 2008. Thus there is no significant change in terms of operating cost or sale price in the years under consideration. Net Profit Margin has shown slight improvement in the comparative analysis by half a percent i.e., 0.508. Thus even though gross profit ratio is almost stagnant there is slight upward trend in net profit, this could be due to higher turnover wherein the net profit tends to increase after reaching breakeven point for every increase in sales. The other two profitability ratios also indicate the effectiveness of management in managing the resources and they reveal a small but definite upward trend over the four years. Return on assets has grown by 0.501% from 2005 to 2008. Return on equity shows even better growth of 2.301%. Thus retained earnings seem to have yielded increased profit over the years. The Liquidity Ratios on the other

Industrial revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Industrial revolution - Essay Example Industrial revolution was not welcomed by every person, it left many people jobless. The living conditions of the poor and working class deteriorated and thus they were not comfortable with the changes that came with industrial revolution. The mechanization during this period meant that less human labor was required and most people were relieved of their duties. For example, the spinning jenny was developed that enabled mass production of spools of threads over a short period of time. The power loom was another machine that made the production of cloth easier. The other salient feature that marked the period of industrial revolution was the factory system. This saw different people specialize in different areas. There was also development in the field of agriculture where food was produced for a larger population that did not practice agriculture. Basically, the changes that took place during this period were in the fields of transportation through the use of steam operated locomotives, the development of factories that led to the division of labor and specialization, change in the political sphere to cater for the shift in economic power as well as the use of sophisticated

University of Cambridge Essay Example for Free

University of Cambridge Essay Milton started to attend this College at the age of sixteen in 1625. Earlier he had learned at the St Paul’s school. He really appreciated the atmosphere at that school and intellectual level of his friends. In contrast he felt very disappointed with university life, because of the fact that he couldn’t find similar friend as he had in his earlier school. He was an outsider and that’s why he got a nickname from his fellow undergraduates ‘The Lady of Christ’s College† but in reality girls were not allowed to study there. Even though he didn’t have a good relationships with his friends, he felt that the tutors respected him. It was interesting to read about daily life at the university in 17th century. Students had to get up early because at 5 a.m. there was a service in Chapel. At this College the religious life was very important and that’s why parents of John Milton sent him there. Lectures started at 7 o’clock after breakfast and finished at 10.30 a.m. There was a dinner at 11.00 and the second service at 6 p.m. just before the supper. In the mid-seventeenth century the free main subjects were taught at this University: logic, rhetoric and philosophy. In those days all students had to learn the same subjects, there wasn’t any specialization and they didn’t have any choice. Students were also obliged to speak Latin. They didn’t take exams as it is nowadays but they had to make speeches and debates. The slides gave me an imagination about the university buildings and architecture. The most of it was made of stone but there were also some parts made of wood for instance Rat’s Hall which was intended for a students’ rooms. I know that the university had a small library and a chapel. To sum up, thanks to this virtual tour I had an opportunity to compare the university life in mid-seventeenth century to the present one. In my opinion our education and the way of teaching and learning is entirely different from Miltons times.

Human Resource Planning Paper Assignment Animation Essay

Human Resource Planning Paper Assignment Animation Essay Human Resource planning is a process of developing the strategies of skills of the employees to reach the organizational needs. The role of the Human Resource Planning in a organization is to recruit the right person for right work, and work to meet organizational objectives and make the employees to respond to changes that made in the organization as well as changes made in the outside of the organization. Training and retraining strategies are also including in the Human Resource Planning Process. Most of the organization wants Human Resource Planning Systems which is simple to understand, where the assumptions that can modified, also which are not take long time. To run such systems organization needs good monitoring action processes, approximate demand models, and an understanding how the resource that works in that organization. Human Resource Activities: Staffing: Attract the best Professional and Technical talents which are really organization needs to reach the organization Objectives. Compensation: To attract that needed talent they should set and give the good salary that will meet or some extra of market rates. Training and Development: This is the important activity of the Human Resource Team. HR activity is to tell employees about the skill requirements that needed to reach the organization goals and start giving the training needed to improve the skills of the employees in their particular fields. Employee Relation: Maintaining the good relation between the all employees is very important and to maintain that relation HR has to set Some Basic Employee relation Rules of organization. I have chosen Vodafone Company to Discuss about Human Resource Planning In this paper. The Role of the Human Resource Planning Team is to create a plan of action to supply the demand. The main 4 steps of the Human Resource Planning Team is to Set Objectives Generate Alternatives Assess Alternatives Choose Alternative ABOUT VODAFONE Vodafone is one of the worlds leading company in mobile telecommunication, with a great presence in Asia, Europe, and the United States. Vodafone is an truly international mobile network company with having more than 260 million customers across the 2 markets and also partner networks in 42 more countries. In the United States this group operates as Verizon Wireless. Vodafone is 1st in UK and 11th globally in the Brands most powerful brands ranking. VODAFONE OVER THE YEARS Vodafone was started in 1984 under the name of Racal Electronics Plc. After in September 1991 it is demerged from the Racal Electronics Plc and changed the name to Vodafone Group Plc. Again after merging with the AirTouch Communications, Inc., Vodafone Changed its name to Vodafone AirTouch Plc on 29 June 1999. On 28 July 2000 it changed to the former name Vodafone Group Plc. KEY MILESTONES OF VODAFONE In January 2007 Vodafone reaches their number of customers to 200 million. In March 2006 Vodafone customers with 3G is reached to 10 million. In 2004 Vodafone launches their first 3G service in Europe. In 2002 Vodafone starts global mobile payment in Germany. This helps customers to buy goods by using the Vodafone mobile. Also in 2002 only Vodafone Starts the GPRS roaming Service, it helps customers to access e-mails on their phone. In 2001 Vodafone Introduces SMS. Vodafone makes the first 3G roaming call in world in between Japan and Spain. The role of the mobile phone in the society has changed tremendously over the years. Vodafone is having 1,150 directly owned stores, which sell services to new customers upgrade or renew for existing customers and also Vodafone having 6,500 branded stores, which sell Vodafones products and services exclusively. And also Vodafone is planning to open 90 more stores in Spain and 21 more stores in Romania during this year. Mission Statement/Statement of Values Vision and Values Our Vision and Values guide the way we act. Our Vision To be the worlds mobile communication leader enriching our customers lives through the unique power of mobile communications. Our Values Our Values are about the way we do things. They describe the way Vodafone people are expected to behave within the business, to help turn our vision to reality. Passion for customers: Our customers have chosen to trust us. In return, we must strive to anticipate and understand their needs and delight them with our service. Passion for our people: Outstanding people working together make Vodafone exceptionally successful. Passion for results: We are action-oriented and driven by a desire to be the best. Passion for the world around us: We will help the people of the world to have fuller lives both through the services we provide and through the impact we have on the world around us (csr globe). In Vodafone they are providing very good training for their employees to reach their Goals. The few tasks of the HR Training Developer in Vodafone are: Perform development, of training materials and user documentation within HR Perform delivery of super user/train the trainer/end user sessions Produce training needs analysis as required for HR Owner of the Finance element of the core training library Liaison with transformation, and the transition team (vodafone careers). For the Excellent HR Initiative Award Vodafone Malta has been selected by the Foundation for Human Resources Development. This award tells that the companys encouragement for employees towards their career growth and as well as companys growth. And it tells about the good training that Vodafone is providing to their employees to reach the organization goals. Vodafone conducts the Performance Management Process to rate the employees. Calibration is an important step in the Performance Management Process to rate the employees in a fair throughout the organization. Martin Gregory, Vodafone Malta Head of Human Resources, said: Our people have a big impact on how we perform as a business and on our success. We are proud to be recognized by the Foundation for Human Resources Development for our accomplishments in this area. Matthew Brearley, Director of HR, Comms Property for Vodafone Ltd talks about building staff momentum and leading through budget cuts in this most modern of giants. Matthew Brearley was appointed UK HR Director at Vodafone in 2006 having previously worked at British Foods, BQ and Marks and Spencer. At MS Matthew Brearleys role involved overseeing the People Strategy and transformation of HR for a workforce of 57,000 employees across 320 stores.Matthew is currently applying his skills and experience to drive performance and efficiencies at Vodafone. Matthew Brearley holds a key role on the UK board working closely with Vodafones UK CEO Nick Read. Matthew Brearleyis truly focussed on HR at the heart of business, how Vodafone must drive through change in an increasingly tight economy, and the critical role of leaders (meettheboss, 2009). The purpose of the HR function in Vodafone is they take the real company strategy and its bring into the live organization to the people to build the capabilities and creating the environment and culture. The main Steps in the Human Resource Planning are Forecasting, Inventory, and audit. Short-Term Human Resource Planning Many I/O psychologists work on activities related to designing and implementing programs (e.g., recruitment, selection systems, and training programs) to meet shortterm organizational needs. Such activities generally involve an element of planning in that they are future-oriented to some extent. Even projects for which objectives are expected to be achieved in as little time as a few months have, ideally, been designed with an understanding of how the short-term objectives are linked to the achievement of longer term objectives. For example, an aeronautics company engaged in a recruitment campaign to hire 100 engineers should have a clear understanding of how this hiring goal will help the company achieve long-term goals such as becoming the worlds most innovative company in that industry. This hypothetical company also might have a college recruiting drive designed to find 75 college graduates to enter a trainingprogram in recognition of the fact that a growing company needs to prepare for the middle managers it will need 5 to 7 years hence, as well as the top level managers it will need in 10 to 15 years. As this hypothetical example highlights, in order for a clear linkage to exist between human resource planning and strategic business planning, it is essential that an organizations top executives have a fully articulated vision for the future, which has been communicated and accepted by managers throughout the organization. Long-Term Human Resource Planning: Increasingly, long-term human resource planning (for beyond three years) is becoming critical to the effective functioning of organizations. The rapidly changing and highly competitive worldwide marketplace is causing firms to turn to their human resources for survival and competitiveness. Because there is a greater understanding that an organizations work force cannot be turned around on a dime, long-term human resource planning is gaining currency. It is an activity that demands integration of the skills and knowledge of the human resource planner and all the other executives responsible for strategic planning. Although there are many types of long-term planning efforts, we use succession planning as our primary example of the process (HRPlanning pdf).

Role of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

Role of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) For many countries in the global landscape, its economic situation is perhaps one of the most important concerns which are duly given enough priority by the government. The economic situation of a certain nation is highly indicative of the countrys performance as well as the state of living of its citizens. It is therefore a major concern among national governments to protect the best interest of their domestic economy, as well as local business, in the objective if being able to establish a successful nation. With this, it is a priority for many countries to be proud of many globally operating organizations and economic councils which will not only help them foster a better trading and economic relationship with other nations but will also help them establish global presence. One of such groups would be the APEC or the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation. In this research paper, the researcher seeks to examine the APEC in general while being able to provide its background and what it does to be able to help improve the economic condition of its member countries. More importantly, the research will examine some of the issues in APEC and how such were overcome through the policies and recommendations from the said economic body. The impact of APEC on its member countries will also be examined to be able to provide evidence of its significant efficiency. This research would generally seek to discuss the role of APEC in helping its member countries establish a more sustainable and stable economic situation. WHAT IS APEC? The Asia Pacific Economic Forum or APEC is a premiere forum which is primarily responsible for facilitating economic growth, cooperation, trade, and investment in the region of the Asia Pacific. It was established to promote economic integration around the Pacific Rim and with the goal of being able to sustain economic growth especially among its 21 member nations. The members of APEC are Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Hong Kong China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Peru, Republic of Korea, Russia, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, United States, and Vietnam. An open trade and the establishment of closer economic relation are among the priorities of each member countries in the APEC. Being the primary vehicle in the region to be able to promote trade, investment, and economic cooperation, it is expected that APEC will be able to generate favorable circumstances and activities such as increased employment opportunities and the dev elopment of the local community. Since its inception in 1989 to this current time, APEC has initiated various economic activities which resulted into better business among local nations such as the implementation of reduced tariffs. The APEC is very significant in the global economy primarily because its members, collectively, are acknowledged for being drivers of the growth of the global economy. The individual economic performance of the Asian countries and members of APEC are all seen to have made significant contributions in the success of the international economic situation. Another reason on why APEC is seen to be very significant in the global trading is because its member economies are representative of around 42% of the worlds population while it occupies 43% of the worlds total land area. APEC AND THE WTO Both the APEC and the WTO have been active and demonstrated success in their goals of being able to help in the improvement of the performance of domestic economies by being able to facilitate trading and other economic activities. Both have played active and significant roles in being able to liberalize trading. While the WTO is able to promote trade liberalization on a multilateral level, the same thing was done by APEC, only that it covers only the regional level. This is basically because the very nature of the said economic cooperation is limited when it comes to membership size and economic significance. Although the two organizations both have the same goal of being able to liberalize trade, they have totally different approaches on how to achieve such goals. This makes the WTO to be considered as the locus of negotiations and rule-making while the APEC is considered as the consultative body. the rules of the WTO are absolute and applicable all the members of the group while the APEC is more open to dialogue and it is basically voluntary in terms of participation in their economic and trading provisions and other executions or strategic actions. THE STRATEGIC ROADMAP To be able to effectively reach its goals and to be able to help its member countries build a better domestic economy, APEC has established a framework which serves as its roadmap towards achieving success in its operations  [1]  . The following are the basic principles which are dinetified in the said roadmap: non-discrimination; comprehensiveness; simultaneous start, continuous process, and differentiated timetables; comparability; standstill; transparency; consistency with the World Trade Organization; flexibility; and cooperation. Based on these major principles, APEC is seen to operate based on commitments which are assume to be non-binding, facilitates open dialogue, and practices equal respect fro the views of its member nations or participating countries. The strategic roadmap of APEC is influenced by the initiatives of its member countries like three of the worlds most dynamic economies  [2]  , along with the tiger economies of the Asian continent. The goals of APEC are expected to be achieved through a balanced program of: liberalization to be able to dismantle the barriers towards international economic transactions; being able to facilitate investment and trade to effectively reduce divergences which are not needed for domestic policies which are highly influential of international trade; technical cooperation which enables its members to share information as well as skills which are required to enhance the efficiency and availability of regional infrastructure; and coordination of economic policies to be able to help reduce risks or uncertainties in the economy. TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY The succeeding section of this research will provide a discussion on some of the initiatives of the economic organization through the years since its inception  [3]  . During the annual conventions of the member countries, strategies and new goals are laid out in which the members perpetually work for its achievement. Some of these things will be briefly discussed in the next paragraphs in the goal of the researcher to provide some of the initiatives of APEC towards the establishment of a more sustainable economy and nation. The Blake Island Economic Vision In the year 1993, economic leaders from the member countries of APEC gathered in Seattle to be able to discuss the ongoing economic condition and measures in which such problems could be given resolution for the longer term. During this forum in Seattle, the major problems which have been identified include erosion of multilateral global trading system, rise of inward-looking regionalism, and fragmentation within the Asia Pacific. During this convention, a proposition was made to change the meaning of APEC to Asia Pacific Economic Community but it was not approved for such was not deemed appropriate. Furthermore, $2 million  [4]  was also released to fund the activities of the organization in the following year. The leaders, who attended the meeting from APEC member countries, presented The Blake Island Economic Vision. The vision which they created is reflective of how they see the following years would be. The vision which the leaders created presented a call for an Asia Pacific which can be able to fully harness, utilize, and maximize its diverse economies while being able to have strengthened cooperation and promoting prosperity. Another achievement of APEC in the same year is the initiative to push for the creation of the Pacific Business Forum  [5]  and the APEC Education Program  [6]  . The Osaka Action Agenda The Osaka Action Agenda presents two components of how APEC member countries seek to improve its economic condition and sustainability: trade liberalization and facilitation and economic and technical co-operation. The trade liberalization and facilitation seeks to discus fifteen key areas which are seen to be vital in the economic activities of the member nations. These include: tariffs, review of non-tariff measures, investment, procedural custom activities, rights regarding intellectual property, services, purchasing from the national government, policies affecting the competitive environment, conformance with standards, rules of origin, deregulation, implementation of the results of Uruguay Round, mobility of people in business, mediation between disputes and conflicts, gathering of information and analysis. Furthermore, the economic and technical co-operation covers thirteen areas including: small and medium scale enterprises, the development of human resource, industrial scienc e and technology, transportation, tourism, energy, information and telecommunication, infrastructure of the local economy, promotion of trade, information about investment and trade, fisheries, agricultural technology, and conservation of the marine resource  [7]  . Manila Action Plan for APEC A year after the Osaka Action Agenda was laid out, APEC identified the Manila Action Plan for APEC or MAPA which included individual and collective action plans which could be able to help to bring the Bogor goals  [8]  into reality. The individual action plans of the member countries were compiled to be able to help the group stipulate measures which would be necessary to be undertaken to bring into possibility the achievement of free and open trading by 2010 or 2020. Moreover, it was also during the same APEC conference were the members have identified high priority issues which need their immediate attention for resolution to help sustain their economic conditions. These areas include developing human capital; fostering safe and efficient capital markets; strengthening the economic infrastructure; harnessing technologies of the future; promoting growth and improvement which is environmentally sustainable; and encouraging the prosperity of small and medium scale enterprises whi ch are significant in the collective growth of the member countries and of the region in general. Sustaining Growth, Connecting the Region The APEC Summit which was held in Singapore in 2009 marked the twenty years of the organization in pursuit of its objectives. During the summit, the member countries have acknowledged the fact that many things have changed since the inception of APEC although the organization still remains in its pursuit of supporting the growth and economic prosperity in the Asia Pacific region through various trading and economic activities such as free and open trade and investments. It ahs been identified that the robust policies of the organization have helped its member countries to recover from the financial crisis and economic downturn which hit the global economy. It ahs also been identified that responding to food security has been a top priority the year prior to the summit as evident by the calamities which struck its members. During the summit, the leaders also stressed the need to fight corruption, improve governance and implement transparency. These things are seen to be contributory t o the improvement of domestic economies in the Pacific Rim. APEC CHALLENGES In spite the contributions of APEC to the economic development and sustainability of the Pacific Rim, it is also confronted by a number of challenges. This calls for continued initiatives in order to improve the economic situation and to be able to help the organization establish a brighter economic condition in the future. One of the challenges identified to confront the organization is on how it is going to manage globalization as such is seen to have a significant effect on its member countries. The organization is also facing the challenge of how it will be able to effectively manage regional and bilateral free trade agreements which is very critical in the trading activities of member countries. Another challenge which should be overcome by APEC is its initiative to be able to create a free and open trading to its region. Until now, efforts to be able to help achieve such objective are seen to have remained ill defined. There is a need for APEC to realize that it needs modifications with regards to agenda-setting mechanism and procedures. The organization would need to set it eyes towards goals for the longer years and bring the goals into reality such as the achievement of free trade. This year, APEC faces a greater challenge as the deadline is already set for the achievement of the Bogor goals, which is the establishment of free trade. This is apart from other challenges which will confront the organization in succeeding years such as the threat from protectionism and lack of trust on financial institutions. To be able to recover from the financial crisis which hit the economy in the previous years, there is a great challenge not only to attract dynamic investments to boost the economic situation on the Pacific but also to bring back the trust into institutions of finance. By this way, it is acknowledged that a better business will be on its way. Furthermore, the member countries are also challenged to be able to improve its current standings on the World Banks Ease of Doing Business Index. Through this, it is anticipated that more investments will come in as a means of improving financial condition. Several APEC economies are already included in the top five an din the top twenty of the list which is a good indication of the fruitful years to come for the region. A challenge is also posed to address the growing disparities between the urban and rural regions especially with regards to levels of education, social inclusion, and health care provision. CONCLUSION This research does not disregard the importance of the WTO in the trading relationships and quest for the improvement of the economic situation in the Asia Pacific. However, it necessitates the significance of the role which was assumed by APEC to be able to help improve the condition of its member nations. Since its inception in 1989, the organization has helped identified measures on how to achieve greater economic visibility and improved domestic performance through free and open trade and investments among another factors. Nonetheless, twenty years after its establishment, the organization still remains to be challenged by the uncertainties of the economic situation. In the following years, it is expected that the increased importance of the role of the organization, along with WTO, will be more significant in the achievement of prosperity in the Asia Pacific. APEC has signaled the growth of a new political and economic order in the Asia Pacific region through the years. However, the uncertainties in the economic situation made it harder for the organization to achieve its goals and work its way towards prosperity and improvement of the status quo. The organization has also demonstrated positive effects not only on member nations but also towards non-member countries. The perpetual goal of APEC still remains to be the possibility of being able to establish a seamless market or a single economy for the benefit of the Asia Pacific  [9]  . The organization remains true to its commitment of helping countries be able to establish a more sustainable and economic condition. Through the years, the organization is left with shoes to fill and expectations to fulfill on its ability to bring a free and open trading and attract investments in the region in order to trigger economic activity and condition on individual member countries and the Pacif ic Rim in general.

citizern kane :: essays research papers

CITIZEN KANE Throughout the whole movie, the viewers got a feeling that Kane never had emotions and nothing could affect him, well this is until we learn of Rosebud. A childhood is something Kane was deprived of. When he was about 8 years old his parents sent him away to be educated and becoming something big in life, but what they did is take something away from him that no parent should take away; a childhood. Love is something that was not apparent in the opening scenes of the movie, his mother seemed so cold and stern, believing that is was in his best interests to leave home and become successful. Did this success make him a happy man, well later we learn the answer and that is no. Kane had everything a man could want in life, a wife who was not all ways loving but still there for him, an extravagant social life and last but not least billions of dollars. Kane had all this but he still never seemed to be pleased. He was demanded more and the best out of what he had. Kane had nearly fooled himself that these materialistic posesions made him happy, but what we really find out is; all he wanted was a normal life. His house was cluttered with senseless ornaments that probably mean the least to him. Kane’s amazing lifestyles with everything so big and exuberant was in a way his cure to a lonely soul. He never could determine who were his friends and who weren’t, once he dies we find out: many weren’t. If Kane had been brought up with a childhood, with the love and fun most children experience, maybe he wouldn’t have been so cold and brutal. The attraction of money wore out for him after a few years but it had already done its damage, and then we find him stuck, with nothing to do and most of all nothing that pleases him in life anymore. The key to understanding Kane was not in what he found pleasurable nor what interested him, it was his weakness. Kane always seemed tough, like he never gave a second thought about what just happened, he just did what he had to do and he did it swiftly but like all people something did affect him. Superman had Kryptonite and for Kane it was memories. Many memories that he should've had, that he missed out on.

The Birth of the International Union of Elevator Constructors :: IUEC Construction Employment Essays

The Birth of the International Union of Elevator Constructors The International Union of Elevator Constructors began inauspiciously on a hot summer day in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was July 15, 1901. Eleven men were gathered in a room at the Griswold Hotel. Brothers H. McLaughlin and E. Oliver came from New York, Brothers J.S. Holmes and John Lally from Chicago, F. W. Doyle from St. Louis, Walter McIntire and Frank F. Moxon from Boston, Brothers W. Young and J. Giberson from Philadelphia, and of course, Brothers George W. Porter and David G. Barnett from Pittsburgh. It did not take this small group long to come to an agreement. These men represented locals in their cities that, they decided, would benefit from a broader base of power and representation. There were other cities that had formed unions at this time but did not attend this meeting in Pittsburgh . At the meeting in the Griswold Hotel, John Lally was appointed as temporary Secretary and was later elected 1st General Vice-President. Committees were formed to draft rules of order, by-laws, and a constitution. The representatives worked through the night and presented their work collectively in the morning. Everything was adopted, and the union's framework was in place. By lunch, the officers of the new union had been nominated, elected, and installed. The first President of the fledgling national union was F.W. Doyle of St. Louis. Election results made H. McLaughlin 2nd Vice-President, D.G. Barnett 3rd General Vice-President, Joseph Giberson 4th General Vice-President, and Walter McIntire 5th General Vice-President. William Young was elected General Secretary Treasurer. They were unanimous in their resolve and solidarity. They knew what they wanted, and they created it together in record time. The same day, charters were applied for; a $5 charter fee was paid and six locals suddenly had been transformed into a national trade union. Quickly, they made application for charter and membership in the National Building Trades Council of the American Federation of Labor. It was a no nonsense beginning. The total expense of the convention was $13.90. After the collection of the charter fees, the newly formed National Union of Elevator Constructors went home with a treasury in the black of $16.10. It had taken just three days to form an organization which would promote and protect the interests of thousands of elevator constructors across America then and now. The IUEC, like many of the building trades unions, came at the dawn of the modern technological revolution, which had as a first symbol, the "skyscraper:" But there could be no skyscrapers without elevators.

IT Ethics and Security Essay

Piracy has always been a concern with technology over the years. Organizations strive hard to analyze the requirement of the hour of computer users and then develop software that can fully ease the problems of a user. The organizations that develop software obviously need to have a return for their attempt. The software developers’ job is a tough one, because they put off their sleep in order to maintain a tempo in the development of software and organizations often find it difficult to meet the exact requirements on ordered software, due to which several revisions are done on the software before it gets into a final product. The software development market is generally divided into two categories, Open Source software and Close Source software. The Open Source software is the one that are free to use, and the organizations or individual developers who develop this software encourage its distribution, usage and at times modifications according to the requirement of the user. The Source code, which has all the development procedures are provided to the user in this category, therefore the modifications become easy when the software gets into the hand of another developer. (Frederick, 2007) These are great for learning purpose and often are used by immature developers to get help in development. The Close Source software are contrastingly different, the users need to buy these software just like any product in the market and often these kind of software get customer support and trainings â€Å"how to†, so that the user gets full value for his money. The close source software is ones, that are stable and they go through different processes before its final launch. The organization that develop these software often register them with their name so that copyrights and license usage law is applied on them. The licensure law ensures the organization that the software bought but a person will be used according to organization’s specified conditions. (Albacea, 2005) In this particular case where the friend is offering to split the cost is a violation of licensure law. Microsoft is a large enterprise and it develops close source software that are copyrighted and licensed according to their terms and conditions. When my friend bought Microsoft Office, in the product pack he had been provided the terms for use of the product, which states that sharing of the product is a violation to the licensure law. Ethically this is very wrong because Microsoft develops the software after several procedures and analyzing the market conditions, and the price $300 for the office suite the charged is based upon cost analysis of one person. The sharing of one-user license is almost equal to as stealing of a product; because the organization is charging for once only from the user but at the same price another user using the same product free of cost. There have been several discussions conducted in small to large enterprises that develop software about piracy and violation of usage licensure. However many steps have been taken to minimize the violation and organizations also offer some package deals where multiple licenses are discounted which saves a lot of cost of user. This ethical violation of licensure law has been minimized to some extend now due to efforts but it also depends upon the inner self of a person to realize the attempt that an organization does in order to develop the software and stealing the software reduced their return which is an ethical issue.

The Significance of Art in The Republic of Plato

The Republic of Plato as parasols the justice of a censored society which, in reading The Republic as a philosophical treatise, is not surprising. Quotes abound in The Republic supporting this claim, such as â€Å"we must supervise the makers of tales; and if they make a fine tale, it must be approved, but if it's not, it must be rejected. We'll persuade nurses and mothers to tell the approved tales to their children and to shape their souls with tales more than their bodies with hands. Most of those they now tell must be thrown out. Bloom, Bibb)' Through-out the education of the guardians of the city within The Republic, Socrates restricts the poets and story tellers more and more, tossing out what ever would seem to harm his perfectly Just city or diminish the patriotism of those living within. It comes as no surprise that the casual reader may have qualms with this extreme censorship of the artist and what they are permitted to create. A closer reading and an Idea of the social s ignificance of the artist 2500 years ago, seems to reveal a different Intent to Socrates seemingly stubborn pollen of art.Plato was an artist himself, writing beautiful dramatic dialogues, which are most unlike the more modern philosophers like Kant or Hegel who write philosophical treatise. This distinction becomes important in how Plato Is read in comparison to other philosophers. In the mainstream philosophy of our time the most common way to read a philosopher's writing is through a collection of excerpts from many writers on a certain topic. These books are great for getting a lot of different views but unfortunately they destroy the messages contained in non philosophical treatise type writing, such as Plat's.Flats writing can not be taken out of context with excerpts. It would be Like taking Machete's speech from Shakespeare play Macbeth and saying that Is Shakespearean philosophy on the meaning of life, It simply does not do Justice to the writer and their work. The Republic Is about searching for Justice In the human soul, it is also about leading Glaucoma away from a political life because he has a possibly tyrannical soul (Palmer, 33-34)2. The arguments used to bring about these two points cannot be taken out of context from the book to portray a different theory of Plates.The prejudices against Plates philosophical writings usually come from taking an excerpt and applying logical analysis to prove his arguments invalid which simply displays a lack of understanding of how Plato writes. How Socrates came to talk to those in the dialogues, why he is talking to them, and what is not said is Just as important as what Is said in the Platonic dialogues, they are all dramas and should be read as such. Now that we have some reasons for doubting the common criticism of Plates views on art from The Republic.I would like to demonstrate specific reasons for doubting sides to bring about the perfectly Just city in speech and follow up with Socrates own criticism of this city and his reasons for doubting its relevance. The city in speech brought about with The Republic begins with the end of Socrates seeming refutation of Trashcans which Glaucoma rejects and restates the argument for further scrutiny (AAA-361 d). The argument is over whether it is a better life to live perfectly Just or perfectly unjust.Glaucoma states the argument as such â€Å"For I desire to hear what each is and what power it has all alone by itself when t is in the soul†dismissing its wages and its consequences. â€Å"(Bloom, Bibb) After some convincing, Socrates accepts the challenge to defend Justice (ICC). In taking on this feet, Socrates contrives an easier way to spot Justice in the soul. He claims that justice in the soul is like small letters and hard to see while Justice in a city is like big letters and will be easier to see (ICC-d). So Socrates sets out to creating a perfectly just city in speech to flush out Justice in the soul.Whether or not this is a decent attempt to find Justice will be dealt with later by Socrates himself. The first city created, or the first stage of the city, is based on a â€Å"city of utmost necessity' and grows only to the size of a small city (Palmer, 16; Bibb-371 b). Glaucoma rejects this simple city and wants one with more luxury (ICC-d). Socrates believes the first city created was the true and healthy city but he agrees to create a â€Å"feverish† city (IEEE). This forces the city to grow much larger and to take land away from neighbors to support it and, in doing so the city will need an army (37th-e).Attendants urges for a discussion of how these â€Å"guardians† of the city will be educated and reluctantly Socrates accepts and says like men telling myths within a myth we will educate the guardians (Palmer, 16; 37th). Socrates, in his own creation of this city in speech, is claiming here that he is telling a myth, and further, that the education of the guardians is a myth within a myth. This, ironically, is the beginning of the education of the guardians in which Socrates brings about his famed censorship.Socrates continues to give clues to his disapproval of his own argument, as if he is just putting on a show at this point. After discovering Justice in the city, Socrates ants to find out if it corresponds to Justice in the soul, remember the big and small letters. Socrates says â€Å"We were, I believe, saying that in order to get to the finest possible look at these things another and longer road around would be required, and to the man who took it they would become evident, but that proofs on a level with what had been said up to then could be tacked on.And you all said that would suffice. And so, you see, the statements made at that time were, as it looks to me, deficient in precision. If they were satisfactory to you, only you can tell. â€Å"(Bloom, Bibb; n reference to Dodd) Amazingly, Glaucoma accepts what Socrates called a deficient argument on both occasions, although the serious reader probably should not. (As Palmer, 23, remarks: â€Å"Heretofore, the arguments were so lacking in precision that they may have been without any value whatsoever (AAA-b). ) Socrates to tell how it could come into being (471 c-e). Glaucoma forgets, as most readers do, that the city was not created for the purpose of creating a city but for discovering Justice in the human soul. Socrates reminds him, in length, of his mistake and what the true purpose of the city is (Bibb-Bibb). Glaucoma's demand that the good city in speech be realized measures exactly the degree to which he has not understood the Republic. (Penetrate, 123)3 As seems to be true for anyone who believes Socrates was trying to create a true city, and therefore, any regulations Socrates makes within this city. Further evidence for this is evident later on when Glaucoma declares that the philosophers will not mind the business of politics because he finally understands the nonsen sical nature of the city. But, Socrates again reminds him of what they were really talking about and that the philosopher will mind the equines of the city within himself, he will mind the business of his own soul (Palmer, 32).Although the city in speech within The Republic does not seem to represent a real city and should not be taken as a literal attempt to create a perfectly Just city in reality, the fact remains that Plato does seem to be very hard on the artist, especially the poets. The image of the cave sets up mankind as looking at the shadows of artifacts displayed on the wall of a cave by the poets (Palmer, 28; AAA-51 AAA). This gives good reason for Socrates being so hard on them in the creation of the city in beech if the poets are the ones deceiving mankind.Today, of course, poets are not an influence on political life and it would seem ridiculous to accuse them of writing false poems. In Athens and ancient Greek culture, the poets were a major influence. They were the authority on the gods and on virtue. In fact, they were the only authority that would be quoted in a trial or by a representative of the people. They would be very well known by almost all inhabitants of Athens. â€Å"The poets are the unacknowledged legislators of mankind† (Penetrate, 223). It was not the arts homeless which Plato was attacking but their significance in politics.Plato was attempting to replace the poet's authority with the authority of philosophy or of reason, which would seem most natural to anyone today. Plat's true intent in his criticism of the poets is brought up later on in The Republic when in book X he attacks Homer specifically. He compares Homer to the likes of an artisan that makes objects or anything he wants including gods through representation (ICC). Glaucoma claims that this man could only be a sophist (59th). The implicit problem that Socrates poses with the poet is that he does not give an explanation of himself.Homer talks about virtuous p eople and the fantastic deeds they do but these heroes do not praise the poets for their deeds. The poet seems to have no place in his own writing and their â€Å"Speech seems to be subordinate to the deed. † Of the people they are praising (Bloom, 430). Socrates claims that the poet is an imitator of an imitator, in that, the poet appeals to the people and what they want and is only popular if they approve, he must follow the popular view. The people's view is shaped by the legislator who lays down laws in view of what he believes would be natural law (Bloom, 432).

Sun and Late Evening Light

Not a cloud sailed on that particular Sunday evening. The climbers, John and Mary had reached the tops of the cliffs as the sun was setting. They looked over the town to one side and the water on the other. The whole scene appeared strikingly beautiful in the late evening light, for it was sunset. Their hearts began to fill with emotions as the vast open sky started to turn from a baby blue to an autumn red, the clouds changed from cotton white to a flaming yellow orange giving the clouds a fluorescent laser lined effect.Birds chirped melodiously while flying away to their homes in the pleasant breeze, they too enjoying the spectacular sight. The crystal clear water sparkled like diamonds. Everything was almost still and the effect of the light made the scene look like one in a painting. It was so perfect. The climbers gazed upon the picturous scene as the autumn sky turned darker. The sun seemed to be at peace, making the climbers feel good and warm.The sun slowly began to fade away , as if it were about to fall off the edge of the water. John and Mary suddenly began to feel alive as they sat on the hill to take in the epic event right before them, they felt alive, reborn and inspired. They slowly watched the autumn red sun disappear behind the murky blue sea and said to themselves, what a glorious sunset. One that would be etched in their memories for life.

Coastal management involves developing strategies Essay

Coastal management involves developing strategies that are designed to protect and preserve the coastal environment. The actions of humans have altered the operation of the natural coastal processes. During our fieldwork we have learned the key issues of coastal management and their strategies and the way they address them at Cronulla Beach. The three key geographical processes that shape the coastal environment are erosion, transportation and deposition. The key issues relating to coastal management at Cronulla beach are Pollution, Tourism, Introduced Plants and Population Growth. Pollution is one main key issue at Cronulla beach because people are littering they are eating on the beach. There are factories near the beach which is very bad for the environment as the smoke from the factories is going into the water is not safe as all the toxic will be in the water and it would not be safe for people to swim. Tourist come to the beach as it is a very popular destination for the residents and tourist. During holiday times the population of these areas can double, placing pressure on the infrastructure and environment of the area. Recreational activities like four-wheel driving places pressure on the coastal environment if it is not carefully managed, large dune areas and beaches where vehicles are given access can be highly susceptible to erosion. Population growth is the overdevelopment and rapid growth of coastal areas occur due to the current Australian trend for people to move from large cities to smaller coastal towns and villages where the lifestyle is more relaxed. Introduced plants have areas along east coast which have become invaded by introduced plants. The bitou brush or Chrysanthemoides Monilifera introduced in Australia in 1908. This plant can overtake native vegetation and this would not offer sand dunes have same protection against wind erosion as it is covered by native vegetation. The management strategies used to address the issues at Cronulla Beach is Seabee wall, fencing and signage/ rubbish bins. Seabee walls are used to minimize the impact of erosion behind the wall and protect road, paths and residential area. The slope encourages the wave to move back out to sea. Where it is reducing the speed of the wave and the lip redirects the wave back out to sea. The holes are to trap the water so the wave slows down and  depthposion bought the sand. There are no sand dunes at Elouera or Wanda in Cronulla because they have sand dunes there and the sand dune would protect what is behind it. Fences are a useful management technique used to ensure adequate access to beach for people while protecting the vegetation that stabilizes the sand dunes. The advantage of fence is that they secure the beach, it shows where people are allowed to walk. Signage is very important when it come to beaches as it tells people what you can and cannot do on the beach basically tells you what you are allowed to do on any beach but the signage stops bad things from happening to the beaches and what you are meant to do on the beach. Rubbish bins are just as important it keeps all the litter away from the beach and makes sure that it does not harm the coastal environment and keeps the beach looking neat and tidy and that it is not going into the water and harm the sea creatures that are in the water. People should not have to go and tidy up after other people who dump their rubbish on the beach. In conclusion, there are many things that we can do for the coastal environment and the issues that relate to beaches and how you can management them through strategies and it is also for the future generations it is to preserve and conserve for them so there is still a beach by the time it is the future.

My Diamond Ring Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Diamond Ring - Assignment Example The essay "My Diamond Ring" describes the fashion item, the Diamond Ring. My family had paid her a visit during one of the Easter vacations. In a remarkable manner, there was a unique bond shared between my grandmother and I. Every member of the family commented about our relation. Arguably, it suggested that I had won her tender spot. The ring only assisted in the cementing of the suggestion. Grandmother disclosed that she had received the ring form our late grandfather as a special present for her birthday. She further disclosed that she saw the little her in my personality, hence the kind gesture. I felt humbled by the present. I wear the ring in exceptional days that mark an excellence in life. Such includes occasions that exemplify my achievements such as graduations and birthdays. I tend to be persuaded that the ring offers a touch of greatness upon being worn. The perception may be related to the impression I had shared towards my grandmother. I once lost the ring after my you nger sibling played a trick on me while on the onset of my thirteenth birthday. I was extremely anxious over the loss. I found myself combing my entire room in search for the ring. Apparently, I used to place it on my drawer to my cloth closet. I cannot recollect the number of times I pulled the drawer in search of the ring. Eventually, my sibling disclosed of the folly, leaving me rather agitated while the rest of the family found the entire scenario rather humorous. I established a secret place for storing my exceptional ring.

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 76

Essay Example The ordinary citizens were not happy about the act which led to writings that were aimed at reminding the leaders that it was time they rose on their feet and advocate for better ways of governance (kovaly 59). Winston Churchill, after being awarded an honorary degree he read his speech which targeted at enlightening the people on the impact of the Soviet Union; division of countries were realised (Churchill 1). Songs were sung urging the leaders to feel the cry of the people. Bob Dylan in his song, â€Å"Blowing in the wind† which was released in 1963 was seen as a protest song against the cold war which the United States and the Russia countries were constantly involved in. He reminded the leaders of the cries of the citizens. The song â€Å"Surfin USA† released by Beach Boys in 1963 signified the amount of suffering the people had undergone, they feeling of taking summer holiday out of America by surfing through the ocean was the message being passed. The movie â€Å"Europa Europa† was based on a boy who survived attacks when his family was battle which led to his sister’s death. The movie was aimed at passing the message on the way the people were suffering. To make citizens understand why united States of America forces were taking part in the war, a film was produced (United States War Department). Modernisation was fought for by many women who were not allowed to be like their male counterparts. During the first world war when their men had to defend their country’s territory, women were left at home, they took care of the kids, did all the domestic duties and other odd jobs so that they could be in a position to support their families. Women learnt to be independent which led to the need for glamour. The youthful women were seen venturing into music and other bold activities which were prohibited, their boldness earned them the name flapper. Artistic expressions were

Marketing Research Individual Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Research Individual Assignment - Essay Example Achrol, and Mentzer established three forms of customer commitment: affective, instrumental, and temporal commitment.1 Affective customer commitment occurs when a positive attitude towards the future existence of the relationship is demonstrated. A number of approaches have been established in constructing affective customer commitment. One of the most prominent approaches has been through the development of strong brand identity. It’s noted that, â€Å"Every organisation has an identity. It articulates the corporate ethos, aims and values and presents a sense of individuality that can help to differentiate the organisation within its competitive environment.†2 Large arrays of approaches to creating brand identity have been established. One perspective embraces corporate social responsibility as strongly contributing to brand identity.3 Such approaches have been embraced by organizations such as Ben & Jerry’s and Starbucks. The recognition being that through crea ting a socially responsible image, customers will increasingly express long-term satisfaction with the company. Another approach has been the establishment of emotional connections through advertising; this approach is witnessed in brands such as Nike and Coca-Cola.4 In either instance, â€Å"By effectively managing its corporate identity an organisation can build understanding and commitment among its diverse stakeholders.†5 In terms of measurement practices, qualitative methods of understanding have been implemented that use focus groups and semi-structured interviews as a means of better understanding customer perceptions. Ultimately, this specific organization could improve affective customer commitment through ensuring that the corporate brand is well maintained. Another of the major forms of customer commitment is ‘instrumental’. Instrumental customer commitment is demonstrated when investment through time or resources is made in the brand relationship. One prominent means of creating customer commitment has been through specific outreach measures referred to as community relationships. It’s noted that, â€Å"that marketers can strengthen brand communities by facilitating shared customer experiences in ways that alter those dynamic characteristics.†6 Perhaps the most prominent implementation of these techniques has been witnessed with Harley Davidson and their development of the Harley Owners Group (HOG). It’s noted that this is, "the granddaddy of all community-building efforts serving to promote not just a consumer product, but a lifestyle.†7 In this way, Harley Davidson sponsored its own motorcycle club to improve customer commitment. In terms of measurements, among approaches to customer commitment this approach is perhaps the most easily quantifiable as commitment is established through membership rates and sales of club merchandise. The establishment of this motorcycle club then improved customer commi tment as the various Harley owners joined the club and increasingly purchased Harley products. There is the recognition then that as a means of facilitating customer commitment this organization could similarly sponsor outreach groups. The final form of customer commitment is temporal commitment. Garbarino and Johnson8 indicate that temporal commitment is the demonstration that the relationship occurs over an extended period of time. While customer relationships through

Images that Injure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Images that Injure - Essay Example For the inclusion of the disable to a school environment then the following factors has to be in place: assessment of all parts of physical education, educators to identify how to modify, adapt, and create of lesson plans that are engaging and lastly, put up a belief that disable children are effective in a community. The effectiveness of the disable is evident in the movie at first sight when Vigril a blind man can find his way to town on his own with ease, he also gives a massage to Amy and she is so pleased. The inclusion of disabled children to the environment helps other children in understanding and appreciating them. There is also the bridge of a special-need child in the mainstream classes, as it creates the best learning and a favorable environment as both the disable children and their counterparts spend time together, share same resources and receive individual treatment from their educators. The disabled also fins away to tackle their challenges, which help them, improve in academics, self-esteem and social

Does the mixture of debt and equity in a firm's financial structure Essay

Does the mixture of debt and equity in a firm's financial structure matter Why - Essay Example Primarily the equity shares are issued at ‘Par value’ but subsequent issues are made at premium. The company can finance its capital and revenue expenditure through the issuance of these shares or through its internally generated funds. The shareholder’s equity, as presented in the statement of financial position, comprises of retained earnings and issued and subscribed shares. Retained earnings are the accumulated profits from the period the company was incepted. These retained earnings or internally generated accumulated funds can also be utilized by the company in financing its assets. Debts are classified into current and non-current. Current debts include items such as accounts payable, accruals etc which arise in the normal course of business and pertain to company’s day to day operations. In order to understand the impact of debt in the capital structure of a company, it is imperative that the company should clearly get acquainted with the concept of debt. There is no universal agreement between the financial analysts all across the corporate sector when it comes to identifying what constitute a debt. It is considered a general notion that the long term debt as appearing in the balance sheet of the company constitutes the debt in the capital structure of the company. However, this definition of debt is way too broad and it includes the credits and short term overdraft of the company as well. The impact of debt on the capital structure can be analyzed from two different perspectives of financial accounting and financial management. Educated investors only invests in companies analyze several ratios such as current ratio, quick ratio and debt to equity ratio. Current ratio is quite important from the investor’s perspective as it tells the state of liquidity of the company and would it be able to pay off its long term debts in the future. The most commonly used liquidity ratio, the current ratio, which is calculated by comp aring the current assets and current liabilities. The strengthened the current ratio the more ability the company has to pay its debts and short term obligations over the next 12 months. The asset test, which is also regarded as the quick ratio, is calculated by subtracting the inventory balance from the total current assert balance. Out of the current assets mentioned, inventories are regarded as the one which takes comparatively more time to be converted into cash or cash equivalent. The gearing ratios indicate the level of risk taken by a company as a result of its capital structure. These ratios are a great source of determining the level of financial risk to which the company is exposed and thus helps in reducing it to the optimum. The equity ratio indicates how much of the entity’s assets are financed through the finances generated through the revenue generated from the operations of the entity and raising financing through equity issue rather than acquiring debts or ot her financial institution. In addition to the above, the cost of raising funds in the form of loan acquired from the bank or financial institutions is substantially less as compared to the cost of raising financing through shares or bonds. The cost of raising equity comprises of printing of shares, cost of listing the equity shares on the stock market

Maynard Constructs A School Web Page Case Study

Maynard Constructs A School Web Page - Case Study Example administration can develop new websites and technologically relevant platform for the communication with the participant community and the stakeholders under flexible and friendly circumstances. The effective and full implementation of this approach will ultimately lead to the improvement of the administration of the institution and the improvement of the general performance of the respective institution. The case gives an in depth blend of how the approach combines tacit knowledge and a wealth of effective theoretical approach for the development of successful means of communication with entities both internal and external to the institution, means of building and maintaining stable relationship with the political and social capital and the best means of translating the above stated values into positive changes in the school set up and for the purpose of development and improvement(Kowalski, 2004). Through the exploration of the above themes the case looks into how the development of new and effective technologies can help in the success of an institution. The study has comprehensively factored in issues that affect the real world and ensured that for the development of a successful module in the institutions, the best practicable approach and technology has to be applied. In conclusion, the case has ensured that there is the need of harnessing technology to meet the needs of the public and the comprehensive factoring in of collection of data, public opinions and regular

Proposed Plan for Future Development for IKEA Coursework - 1

Proposed Plan for Future Development for IKEA - Coursework Example Environmental sensitiveness of the company is well recognized by consumers. The other companies that specialize in Nordic furniture design the in the US, whose prices are comparatively very high are Design Within Reach, Minimalista, Boconcept and Tema. But, the strategy of IKEA is to target middle-class families on a global level with a variety of designs, quality and price. Companies like Sears, JC-Penny, Flanigan and Raymour are competitors to IKEA in the USA. Competitors in Europe include companies like John Lewis, Argos, B&Q and TESCO. Apart from furniture, the extensive range of products of IKEA includes lighting, textiles & rugs, Kitchenware, flooring, storage furniture, beds and mattresses tools and hardware. The IKEA Concept is based on offering a wide range of well designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them as mentioned in the website of Inter IKEA Systems B.V. The IKEA Concept guides the way IKEA products are designed, manufactured, transported, sold and assembled. 2 IKEA's business strategy hinges on sustainability and environmental design. The sustainability programs of IKEA envisage social, environmental and economic issues. Strengths and weaknesses of a company are mostly related to internal aspects. The internal environment of IKEA in terms of competitive advantage, market position and financial resources, is by and large conducive for a sustainable growth. The competitive advantage of a company arises out of several factors and the business plan which is very difficult to duplicate and the absence alternate products available cheaply enable IKEA to exploit the opportunities effectively and overcome the external threats. IKEA has established a name for itself with designs, quality and competitive pricing in the markets world over.  

Sports commercials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports commercials - Essay Example The next advertisement that is very successful in its marketing strategy is the Adam Oates NHL commercial. This ad is clever because it involves sexuality in the form of a woman to provoke thought. The ad uses phrases like â€Å"patrols the offensive zone,† and â€Å"loose rebounds† to compare hockey with picking up a date. This is clever on the part of the advertisers because they make hockey seem fashionable to the viewing public by contrasting scoring on the hockey field with scoring on the dating front.The next advertisement that is very successful in its marketing strategy is the Adam Oates NHL commercial. This advertisement is clever because it involves sexuality in the form of a woman to provoke thought. The ad uses phrases like â€Å"patrols the offensive zone,† and â€Å"loose rebounds† to compare hockey with picking up a date. This is clever on the part of the advertisers because they make hockey seem fashionable to the viewing public by contrast ing scoring on the hockey field with scoring on the dating front. The final advertisement that I found to really hit the mark was the â€Å"NBA Cares† campaign, which contained three different ads. In the first two ads, a vast number of professional basketball players plead with the audience to help contribute to those in need. This strategy generally works because the audience likes to think that they are on the same level as their role models. The third ad combined the use of star power with everyday fans to get its message across.

Transformational Leadership Plan Essay Example for Free

Transformational Leadership Plan Essay ABSTRACT Innovation and Transformational Leadership with respect to modern organizational hierarchies. The paper goes on to synthesize aspects of transformational leadership into an individual leadership plan, summarize outcomes of transformational leadership and innovation and present varied views stemming from empirical data on organizational philosophies. Several scholarly journals and industry papers were gleaned, they are listed in the annotated bibliography. Results and Outcomes of Innovation and Transformational Leadership Transformational leaders motivate others to do more than they originally intended and often even more than they thought possible. Such leaders set more challenging expectations and typically achieve higher performances. Transformational leadership is an expansion of transactional leadership. Transactional leadership emphasizes the transaction or exchange that takes place among leaders, colleagues, and followers. This exchange is based on the leader discussing with others what is required and specifying the conditions and rewards these others will receive if they fulfill the requirements. True transformational leaders raise the level of moral maturity of those whom they lead. They convert their followers into leaders. They broaden and enlarge the interests of those whom they lead. They motivate their associates, colleagues, followers, clients, and even their bosses to go beyond their individual self-interests for the good of the group, organization, or society. Transformational leaders address each followers sense of self-worth in order to engage the follower in true commitment and involvement in the effort at hand. This is one of the things that transformational leadership adds to the transactional exchange. Transformational leadership adds to transactional leadership in its effects on follower satisfaction and performance. Transformational leadership does not replace transactional leadership. That is, constructive and especially corrective transactions may have only marginal impact on followers unless accompanied by one or more components of transformational leadership for getting the most out of transactions: The follower needs to feel valued by the leader, the follower needs to find meaning in what he or she is doing, and the follower needs a sense of ownership in whats being done. Transactional leadership, particularly contingent reward, provides a broad basis for effective leadership, but a greater amount of effort, effectiveness, innovation, risk taking, and satisfaction can be achieved by transactional leadership if it is augmented by transformational leadership. When peers of military cadet leaders were asked what characterized the important traits of a good leader, they tended to describe such traits of inspiration, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration as self-confidence, persuasiveness, concern for the well-being of others, the ability to articulate ones ideas and thoughts, providing models to be emulated by others, holding high expectations for him—or herself and others, keeping others well-informed, and maintaining high self-motivation. Given a team task, the innovation process begins with the creativity of individuals. The generation of a new idea is a cognitive process, located within individuals, albeit fostered by interaction processes in teams. Thus, first and foremost, innovative individuals are both creative and innovative (i.e., they dont just have creative ideas; they also try to implement them). They are people who have a preference for thinking in novel ways, who think globally instead of locally (distinguishing the forest from the trees). They have appropriate intellectual abilities, including synthetic abilities (to see problems in new ways and escape the bounds of conventional thinking), analytic abilities to recognize which ideas are worth pursuing, and the practical contextual abilities to persuade others of the value of their ideas. Having a good idea about whether the Earth revolves around the sun or vice versa is not enough. Galileo, if he were alive today, might note that Richard Branson and Bill Gates did not succeed by simply being mavericks; they were also able to charm, persuade, and inspire people. To be innovative and creative we also require sufficient knowledge of the field to be able to move it forward, while not being so conceptually trapped in it that we are unable to conceive of alternative courses. People who are confident of their abilities are more likely to innovate in the workplace. In a study of role innovation among more than 2,000 UK managers, it was found that confidence and motivation to develop knowledge and skills predicted innovation following job change. Tolerance of ambiguity, widely associated with creativity, enables individuals to avoid the problems of following mental ruts and increases the chances of unusual responses and the discovery of novelty (Burpitt Bigoness, 2002). Innovative people also tend to be self-disciplined, with a high degree of drive and motivation and a concern with achieving excellence. This perseverance against social pressures presumably reduces the dangers of premature abandonment. Minority influence theory in social psychology suggests that perseverance acts to bring about change in the views of majorities and is a necessary behavioral style among innovators. An employee of 3M discovered Post-it notes because he sang in the church choir and needed some effective way of marking the place of hymns between services. Knowing of an adhesive with poor properties (it didnt stick well) being explored at 3M, he had the idea of using it on small strips of paper to mark the hymnal. But the real innovation came in his persistence in selling the idea to secretaries, chief executives, the marketing department, and the sales department in the organization. It became an annual $200 million business for 3M. Innovative people tend to be self-directed, enjoying and requiring freedom in their work. They have a high need for freedom, control, and discretion in the workplace and appear to find bureaucratic limitations or the exercise of control by managers frustrating. Such people need clear work objectives along with high autonomy to perform well. Indeed, in a study of 13 oil company teams, Jerry et. Al. found that the innovativeness of individuals in teams was superior as a predictor of team innovation to measures of group climate and process. In a more sophisticated longitudinal study of 27 top management teams in hospitals, it was found that the proportion of innovative individuals within the team did not predict the overall level of innovation but did predict the radical ness (changes to the status quo) of the innovations implemented by teams. Another influence on team innovation is the extent to which team members have the relevant knowledge, skills, and abilities to work effectively in groups. Some researchers believe that team members require appropriate team knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs), or â€Å"team integration skills†. These are distinct from the technical KSAs that are relevant to task performance (such as medical skills for a physician on a breast cancer care team). They include conflict resolution skills, collaborative problem-solving skills, and communication skills such as the skill to utilize decentralized communication networks to enhance communication. Other key integration skills, they argue, include goal setting and performance management and the skill to coordinate and synchronize activities, information, and tasks among members. The more of these integration skills team members have, the more likely it is that the benefits of team working and team diversity will manifest, not just in terms of team performance, but also in innovation proposals and their successful implementation. Leadership processes in teams will moderate the relationship among team member characteristics, team processes, and innovation. Leadership processes will either encourage or block the expression of behaviors and skills supportive of team innovation. A dominant, directive leader may prevent attempts by team members to bring about change and steadily reduce their confidence and perseverance in initiating innovation implementation. Moreover, such a leader might inhibit the expression of team KSAs by repeatedly dominating decision making or discussion. A more transformational leadership style is likely to enhance the impact of individual characteristics such as confidence, innovativeness, and tolerance of ambiguity on group processes (such as support for innovation) and thereby innovation implementation. Synthesize aspects of transformational leadership into an individual leadership plan It has been discovered that most of the large global companies studied operate, to one degree or another, under a traditional model of strong individual leadership at the top. Moreover, the quality of that leadership bears on the overall performance of those companies. A few of the companies studied—and some business units within others—are characterized by a different pattern of leadership. Instead of leadership being a solo act, an aria sung by the CEO, in these organizations it is a shared responsibility, more like a chorus of diverse voices singing in unison. Significantly, this characteristic is more than the frequently observed phenomenon of â€Å"cascading† leadership (in which a strong leader at the top empowers other leaders down the line). Although cascading is often a part of what is observed, more to the point in these organizations many of the key tasks and responsibilities of leadership are institutionalized in the systems, practices, and cultures of the organization. Typically, cascading leadership depends on the continuing support of whoever is the leader of an organization at any given time; behavior that is not personality dependent. Eventually, it has been realized that this form of leadership is rooted in systems, processes, and culture. Without the presence of a high-profile leader (or â€Å"superior† goading or exhorting them on) that people at all levels in these organizations †¦ Act more like owners and entrepreneurs than employees or hired hands (that is, they assume owner like responsibility for financial performance and managing risk). Take the initiative to solve problems and to act, in general, with a sense of urgency. Willingly accept accountability for meeting commitments, and for living the values of the organization. Share a common philosophy and language of leadership that paradoxically includes tolerance for contrary views and a willingness to experiment. Create, maintain, and adhere to systems and procedures designed to measure and reward these distributed leadership behaviors. Obviously, this is not a new model of leadership. Doubtless, it has been around a long time and we, missed it because we were blinded by the powerful light that emanates from high-profile leaders. We were also prisoners of the current wisdom about the necessity for personalized, take-charge leadership—particularly in times of rapid change. Moreover, it is important to stress that the organization based model identified was not the only one observed, nor was it necessarily always the most effective. In fact, the two most successful companies in an empirical sample operate, on two different models, Oracle being headed by a single strong leader, and Enron with widely diffused and systematized leadership responsibilities. Thus we are not advocating a newly discovered â€Å"best way to lead†; instead, calling attention to a previously unnoticed— but equally viable—alternative to the traditional leadership model. Among other things, this discovery helps to explain some persistent contradictions to the dominant model of leadership. If leadership were solely an individual trait †¦ Why is it that some companies continually demonstrate the capacity to innovate, renew strategies and products, and outperform competition in their industries over the tenures of several different chief executives? Intel, for instance, has been a rip-roaring success under the leadership of, in sequence, Gordon Moore, Andrew Grove, and now, Craig Barrett. Why is it that some CEOs who have succeeded in one organization often turn in so-so performances in the next? Consider George Fisher, who was a star at Motorola, but far less effective at Kodak. (Conversely, why is it that some companies headed by singularly unimpressive CEOs nonetheless rack up good performance records?) Why is that academics are unable to quantify the relationship between CEO style on one hand and organizational performance on the other? (In fact, they have found no objective correlation between those two factors—concluding, unhelpfully, that â€Å"it all depends.†) Moreover, as history shows, businesses that become dependent on a single leader run a considerable risk. If that individual retires or leaves (or dies in office), the organization may well lose its continuing capacity to succeed—witness the performance of General Motors after Alfred Sloan, ITT after Harold Geneen, Polaroid after Edwin Land, and Coca-Cola after Roberto Goizueta. More frequently, organizations learn the hard way that no one individual can save a company from mediocre performance—and no one individual, no matter how gifted a leader, can be â€Å"right† all the time. As one CEO said, â€Å"None of us is as smart as all of us.† Since leadership is, by definition, doing things through the efforts of others, it is obvious that there is little that a business leader—acting alone—can do to affect company performance (other than try to â€Å"look good† to investors) (Howell    Avoiio, 2003). In light of these observations, it should not have been so surprising that our research revealed that, in many successful companies, leadership is treated as an institutional capacity and not solely as an individual trait. It turns out that many corporations whose familiar names perennially appear on â€Å"most respected† lists are ones with the highest institutionalized leadership capacities. Like individual IQs, companies have collective LQs—leadership quotients— that can be measured and compared. (Moreover, unlike individual IQ an organizations leadership capacity can be bolstered through appropriately directed effort.) Hence, we now are better able to explain why companies like Intel, ABB, GE, Enron, BP, Ford, Nestlà ©, and Motorola continue to renew themselves year after year, and over the tenures of many different leaders: Such companies are not only chock-full of leaders from the executive suite to the shop floor, they make conscious efforts to build their LQs, that is, their overall organizational leadership capacities. That last point requires an important clarification. Some companies with continuing records of success do not pay much, or any, attention to traditional—that is, individual—leadership development. Instead of asking â€Å"What qualities do we need to develop in our leader?† these companies continually ask â€Å"What qualities do we need to develop in our organization?† And, though this may seem to defy the current wisdom about the importance of leadership, on reflection it squares with experience. At Motorola, for example, there has been a decades long pattern of self-renewal that has continually belied the predictions of Wall Street analysts who, on at least four occasions, have written the company off for dead. When it has suffered one of its periodic setbacks, how could Motorola reasonably be expected to turn itself around without a take-charge leader like Jack Welch at its helm? But it has done so repeatedly, and under the collective leadership of several different individuals. In light of what we have learned from our study, we posit that the secret sauce at Motorola is the companys strong, institutionalized leadership capacity— systems consciously created by former-CEO Bob Galvins leadership teams over a period of thirty years (Dong et. Al. 2001). And the effectiveness of the organizational leadership model should not come as a surprise to those who have tried to change the behavior of a CEO—or of any executive whose career has been validated by rising to the top. Powerful executives tend to see leadership as positional. To them, by definition, the CEO is the leader of the corporation. For example, a couple of years ago we suggested to the CEO of a Fortune 500 company that he (and his executive team) might benefit from a leadership development program. He looked at us as if we were space aliens and testily replied, â€Å"If the board thought there was someone who was more qualified to lead this company, they would have named him and not me.† Given that such ego-driven denial is fairly common in executive suites, it makes practical sense that the high-LQ companies in our study focus on identifying business-related activities as the source of leadership development—that is, they stress improving the ability of their leaders collectively to do their central tasks, rather than on trying to fix them as individuals. The lesson we take from this is not that individual leadership behaviors are unimportant, but that in some cases, at least, it may be more effective to treat them as secondary to organizational issues. Moreover, it is far easier for leaders to learn to do things differently in terms of business processes than it is for them to change who they are. III. Summarize the outcomes of transformational leadership and innovation Among the components of transformational leadership, idealized influence and inspirational leadership are most effective and satisfying; individualized consideration is a bit less so. But in turn, all four 1s of transformational leadership are more effective than is constructive transaction. However, constructive transactions remain reasonably effective and satisfying in most situations, except where a leader has no control of the ways a follower may be rewarded for good performance. Actively taking corrective action—that is, managing by exception by arranging to monitor the performance of followers—is somewhat less effective and satisfying, but passively waiting for problems to arise or remaining oblivious until a mishap occurs is seen as poor, ineffective leadership and is dissatisfying. The most ineffective and dissatisfying style is laissez-faire leadership avoiding leadership and abdicating responsibilities. Analyses of over 5,000 cases have affirmed these findings. Transformational leadership adds to transactional leadership in its effects on follower satisfaction and performance. Transformational leadership does not replace transactional leadership. That is, constructive and especially corrective transactions may have only marginal impact on followers unless accompanied by one or more components of transformational leadership for getting the most out of transactions: The follower needs to feel valued by the leader, the follower needs to find meaning in what he or she is doing, and the follower needs a sense of ownership in whats being done. Transactional leadership, particularly contingent reward, provides a broad basis for effective leadership, but a greater amount of effort, effectiveness, innovation, risk taking, and satisfaction can be achieved by transactional leadership if it is augmented by transformational leadership. Transformational leadership can be directive or participative, as well as democratic or authoritarian, elitist or leveling. Sometimes, transformational leadership is misunderstood as elitist and antidemocratic. Since the 1930s, the praises of democratic, participative leadership have been sung. Most managers have at least learned that before making a decision it pays to consult with those who will implement the decision, although fewer managers pursue a democratic vote or strive for consensus in a participative discussion with ail those involved. There are many good reasons for encouraging shared decision making, empowering followers, and self-managing. Nonetheless, many circumstances call for a leader to be authoritative, decisive and directive. Democratic decisions can become a pooling of ignorance among a group of novices. Novices may wish direction and advice on what to do and how to do it. Even when no leader is appointed, someone must begin to take initiatives and soon comes to be seen as a leader. Many confuse transformational leadership with democratic, participative leadership. It often may be so, but at times it can also be directive, decisive, and authoritative. Idealized leaders can direct followers who are counting on them to help get the team out of a crisis by employing radical solutions to deal with the problems. Again, inspirational leaders can be highly directive in their appeals. Intellectually stimulating leaders may challenge their followers. Individually considerate leaders could rise above the demands for equality from their followers to treat them differently according to their different needs for growth. At the same time, transformational leaders can share vision building and Idea generation that could be a democratic and collective enterprise. Such leaders can encourage follower participation in the change processes involved. In the same way, transactional leadership can be either directive or participative. Most leaders profiles include both transformational and transactional leadership. The attitudes and behavior of Otto Von Bismarck, whose efforts led to the unification of Germany in 1871, illustrate how transformational and transactional leadership can be directive or participative, democratic or authoritative (Deborah, 1999). Interviews with executives about the leadership they had seen produced numerous behavioral examples of transformational leadership. Idealized influence or charismatic leadership was attributed to the interviewees leaders for demonstrating such traits as setting examples, showing determination, possessing extraordinary talents, taking risks, creating in followers a sense of empowerment, showing dedication to â€Å"the cause, † creating a sense of a joint mission, dealing with crises using radical solutions, and engendering in their followers faith in the leadership. Inspirational leadership included providing meaning and challenge, painting an optimistic future, molding expectations, creating self-fulfilling prophesies, and thinking ahead. Intellectual stimulation was judged to be present when leaders questioned assumptions, encouraged followers to employ intuition, entertained ideas that may have seemed silly at first, created imaginative visions, asked subordinates to rework problems they thought had already been solved, and saw unusual patterns. Individualized consideration was apparent to interviewees when their leaders answered them with minimum delay, showed that they were concerned for their followers well-being, assigned tasks based on needs and abilities, encouraged two-way exchanges of ideas, were available when needed, encouraged self-development, practiced walk around management, and effectively mentored, counseled, and coached. When peers of military cadet leaders were asked what characterized the important traits of a good leader, they tended to describe such traits of inspiration, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration as self-confidence, persuasiveness, concern for the well-being of others, the ability to articulate ones ideas and thoughts, providing models to be emulated by others, holding high expectations for him—or herself and others, keeping others well-informed, and maintaining high self-motivation (Atwater, Lau, Bass, Avolio, Camobreco, Whitmore, 1994). COMPONENTS OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP Transformational leaders do more with colleagues and followers than set up simple exchanges or agreements. They behave in ways to achieve superior results by employing one or more of the four components of transformational leadership. First, leadership is idealized when followers seek to identify with their leaders and emulate them. Second, the leadership inspires the followers with challenge and persuasion that provide meaning and understanding. Third, the leadership is intellectually stimulating, expanding the followers use of their abilities. Finally, the leadership is individually considerate, providing the followers with support, mentoring, and coaching. Each of these components can be assessed with the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). In the questionnaire, you can describe yourself as a leader. Those who work for you, with you, and for whom you work can do the same assessment of you. Idealized Leadership. Transformational leaders behave in ways that make them role models for their followers. Such leaders are admired, respected, and trusted. Followers identify with these leaders and want to emulate them. Among the things the leader does to earn this credit is consider the needs of others over his or her own personal needs. The leader shares risks with followers and is consistent rather than arbitrary. He or she can be counted on to do the right thing, demonstrating high standards of ethical and moral conduct. He or she avoids using power for personal gain and in fact uses his or her power only when needed. Inspirational Motivation. Transformational leaders behave in ways that motivate and inspire those around them by providing meaning and challenge to their followers work Team spirit is aroused. Enthusiasm and optimism are displayed. The leader gets followers involved in envisioning attractive future states. The leader clearly communicates expectations that followers want to meet, and demonstrates commitment to goals and the shared vision. Intellectual Stimulation. Transformational leaders stimulate their followers efforts to be innovative and creative by questioning assumptions, reframing problems, and approaching old situations in new ways. Creativity is encouraged. There is no public criticism of individual members mistakes. New ideas and creative problem solutions are solicited from followers, who are included in the process of addressing problems and finding solutions. Followers are encouraged to try new approaches, and their ideas are not criticized if they differ from the leaders ideas. Individualized Consideration. Transformational leaders pay special attention to each individuals needs for achievement and growth by acting as a coach or mentor. Followers and colleagues are developed to successively higher levels of potential. Individualized consideration is practiced as follows: New learning opportunities are created along with a supportive climate. Individual differences in terms of needs and desires are recognized. The leaders behavior demonstrates acceptance of individual differences (e.g. some employees receive more encouragement, some more autonomy, others firmer standards, and still others more task structure). A two-way exchange in communication is encouraged, and â€Å"management by walking around† is practiced. Interactions with followers are personalized (e.g., the leader remembers previous conversations, is aware of individual concerns, and sees the individual as a whole person rather than as just an employee). The individually considerate leader listens effectively. The leader delegates tasks as a means of developing followers. Delegated tasks are monitored to see if the followers need additional direction or support and to assess progress; ideally, followers do not feel they are being checked up on. Bibliography Follower Motive Patterns as Situational Moderators for Transformational Leadership Effectiveness. Journal article by Jerry C. Wofford, J. Lee Whittington, Vicki L. Goodwin; Journal of Managerial Issues, Vol. 13, 2004 In this article, two important leadership questions are addressed. Is transformational leadership universally effective or are there situational moderators which augment or limit its effectiveness? Is transformational leadership more appropriately viewed in terms of individual-level analyses or of multi-level analyses? First, we examine the literature on the potential moderators within the transformational leadership paradigm and on the appropriate level of analysis for transformational leadership. The present research examines the potential moderator effects of the need for autonomy and of growth need strength. In addition, we examine whether transformational leaders adapt their behaviors to different subordinates or behave the same way with all of them. Perceptions of Transformational Leadership among Asian Americans and Caucasian Americans: A Level of Analysis Perspective Journal article by Dong I. Jung, Francis J. Yammarino; Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 8, 2001 This study asserted a theoretical framework of transformational leadership and its effects on several process and outcome variables among Asian Americans and Caucasian Americans from levels of analysis perspective. Nomological relationships among the constructs of interest also were tested. Results indicated that effects of transformational leadership were positive, but generally stronger among Asian Americans than among Caucasian Americans. Results from Within and Between Analysis indicated that variation in perceptions of transformational leadership and other measured variables in the two ethnic groups was mainly due to individual differences. Based on these results, we offer several theoretical and practical implications. Transformational Leadership and Urban Renewal Journal article by Deborah R. Rada; Journal of Leadership Studies, 1999 Despite Burnss contention that transformational leadership can occur at all levels of organization and society, most of the discussion of transformational leadership has centered on persons in traditional, hierarchical power positions. This paper focuses on a social movement, urban renewal, which involves volunteer activity and persons not in hierarchical power positions. The urban renewal efforts of two southern California towns are highlighted, with examples from other towns renewal efforts also cited. It is demonstrated that many renewal efforts utilize a transformational leadership approach. It is further shown that those efforts which employ a transformational leadership approach are often more successful than those that do not. It is concluded that transformational leadership does occur in voluntary, nonhierarchical groups and leads to substantive change. Further study is recommended to confirm these conclusions and advocate for broader recognition and encouragement of transfor mational leadership in various organizations. Howell. J. M. Avoiio, B. J. (2003). Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control. and support for innovation: Key predictors of consolidated business-unit performance. Journal Applied Psychology, 78, 89142   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Notes Portions of this paper were presented at the Academy of Management National Conference in Seattle, Washington, August 2003. Thanks to Major David Pursley, Dr. Orly Nobel, and several anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of the manuscript. Dr. Dardis recently retired from active duty and is currently the Chief Learning Officer at Freddie Mac Corporation in McClean, Virginia. Burpitt, W. J., Bigoness, W. J. (1997). Leadership and innovation among teams: The impact of empowerment. Small Group Research, 28 (3), 414–423.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most research and writing on creativity has focused on individual creativity, the â€Å"lone genius,† with little recognition of the social and group factors that influence the creative process. Research on creativity has sought to understand the factors responsible for creative people and activities. Personality, developmental experiences, culture, motivation, and cognitive skills are just a few of the factors that appear to underlie creative behavior