Knowledge Based Practice in Substance Abuse Interventions

Knowledge Based Practice in Substance Ab mapping InterventionsKnowledge based utilisationIntroductionThis paper will look at how query specifys devote. I will be looking at youthfulness population and substance misuse and older people and how question magnate inform or affect my practice.Good professional practice is knowledge based practice which often means that it is practice based on what new(prenominal)s ingest d unrivaled, or look for that others have undertaken. investigate is an important part of most aspects of the human services. In health, in education, and in fond work research is important informs our dupe of the world and can provide a framework for peopleing with a particular subject or case. Research has a prominent place in the affable services and it is important to the sociable worker. When people undertake research into argonas of loving and health c ar, then these findings and recommendations ar generally used to inform practice. non only is res earch important in informing social work practice, it is also important when it comes to judicature policy. Like most social workers I have found some research an invaluable asset when dealing with disaffected and vulnerable multitudes such as puppylike children and socially excluded young people. whatsoever research may have been undertaken some time in the past but its findings still prove to be useful today. Willis (1977 in Giddens 2001) used group inter sights (what are sometimes called focus group interviews) in his study of working class boyS and the styluss in which the education system attempts to prepares them for the labour market. Both individual and group interviews were used in collecting this data, and while the work has been criticised it provided, and continues to provide useful information about how working class boys communicate and interact. This type of research is a source of invaluable knowledge to someone working with young people. It provides some insight s into why youngsters react against authority and why they might act the way they do. Research can be a two edged sword, on the one hand it informs, and on the other it can produce lasting im inviteions that can pass to oppressive policy making. While Government papers on young people set a framework for social workers, this kind of early research is useful when dealing with them in a practice context. Yet a nonher valuable, yet some might say, problematic, source of information is Bowlbys (1946) work on why young people commit annoyance or get involved in substance abuse.While Bowlbys work, (which points to maternal deprivation as a cause of problematic behaviour in young people )has been deeply criticised within academic circles his ideas still have a significant meet on current Government discourses on youth. Certainly many social workers find themselves dealing with youngsters who have substance abuse problems and may feel themselves in an ethical dilemma when confronted with some of the policies in this area. One of the worst influences that work such as this has had is the growing tendency to treat anyone who does not conform to high societys norms as sick and deviant. Government initiatives on doses, much often than not, appear to be targeted at poor and working class communities. Further there is a tendency for these initiatives to link poverty and drugs in the minds of other people. If an adolescent comes from the poorer part of town and is perhaps unemployed then this can lead to people in authority thinking that he/she is more likely to be seen as a drugs user even if they are not. Eley (2002) maintains that this leads to the association of drugs and crime with those who are already poor in society. For social workers this is can be an extremely problematic situation. Do I as a social worker automatically assume some matter about a young person who is in trouble, and label them as sick and deviant, or do I adhere to what I deal to be the c ase, that everyone is of equal worth and therefore deserves an equal chance. If I am to abide, in my professional capacity by the 1998 Human Rights Act, then ethically, I could be duty bound to ignore Government guidelines in this area.Moore (1996) says that Government overstates the case on drug misuse when it refers to drug users as addicts because, he argues, most of the drug use that takes place in Britain is recreational This implies that those who use them are in control of the situation with regard to when they take drugs e.g. weekends, and how much they spend. Theorists are divided on why adolescents take drugs therefore it might be argued that the reason adolescents use drugs are quite complex and differ from person to person. This means that a social worker should act in accordance with the Human Rights Act when dealing with the problems of young people because that also implies treating each case on its individual meritsBecker (1963) has argued that young people are often viewed as delinquent because of the way society viewed certain acts, such as drug taking. Calling or labelling a young person as deviant is problematic because it can become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Those in authority often take the view that young people, and particularly underprivileged young people are deviant and if the label is applied often enough, and by those with the power to apply it, then that is how the adolescent may come to view themselves. Taylor, Walton and Young (1973) however, say that no theory is sufficient unless there is also an analysis of the power relationships that exist in society. Hall (1978) maintains that the way in which adolescents are represented in the media has a huge effect on the way in which they are viewed by others. This can then have a supercharge effect on their actions.In my own professional practice I have to be aware of such theories and how they inform usual perception and Government policy. I also have to be aware of them in my pr actice and this might involve questioning the assumptions and methods behind certain research findings i.e. I am questioning their theories. Theories aid us in making sense of the world, one explanation of theory is an observation of observed regularities for example that women do more housework than men. Many things are not self-evident but need an explanation, thus Abbott and Wallace (1997) maintain that all of us are theorists because of the need to analyse and interpret our quotidian everyday experiences in order to make sense of themIn sociological theory, some theories are extremely abstract, for example critical theory. Merton (1967 in Giddens, 2001) has called these theories grand theories because they plump at a general and abstract level, theories such as those of Willis and Bowlby are middle range theory, because they are looking at an aspect of social life. unremarkably Merton (1967in Giddens 2001) maintains it is the middle range theories that are more likely to gui de research. Labelling theory and Beckers work, for example is a middle range approach to research that was genuine out of the sociology of deviance. The problem is that while I as a social worker dealing with a young person with substance abuse issues might prefer to treat that person as an individual, and ethically I am bound to do so, Government discourses take a quite different view. drug abuse and crime as mentioned earlier are closely associated in public discourses with poverty and this is evident in new policy making. When evaluating research and research findings social workers need to find some sort of framework within which to evaluate the work this might be the 12 step approach advocated by Locke or it might be something as simple as using a content analysis approach to evaluate what the researcher has done and learn how effective that research may be.The Governments report, No More Excuses (The Causes of Youth Crime) states that deprivation and poverty are usually a contributing figure in youth crime.1 Government research suggests that while young people who offend may not do it very often, there are a few persistent offenders who are responsible for the greater part of youth crime new Youth Justice reforms will concentrate on preventing crime and on early intervention where children and young people are at risk of becoming involved in crime.2 Leitner et al (1993) maintain that the British public is concerned about drug use, drug dealing, and the crime that is associated with this. Pudney (2003) maintains that if young people take soft drugs such as cannabis then they are more likely to progress to hard drugs and to criminal activity. He also argues that such behaviour is strongly associated with unobservable personal characteristics and freshly Labour have systematically targeted drugs initiatives at underprivileged communities.Working with young people means that I have to take into account Government reports as well as other research fin dings. At the same time I, like many other social workers, have as Moore (2002) points out, entered social work because of a commitment to social justice, or at the very least a desire to help others and to see improvement and positive change in peoples lives. Some critics maintain that the way in which social services often operates is self-serving rather than serving the needs of the clients, yet social workers do police themselves and their profession. The way in which they do this is to think critically about what they are doing, why they are doing it, and what moral implications this may have. Certainly social work ethics should not lead anyone to believe that the social work profession should serve itself, rather the needs of the client should be most important. One of the ways this is achieved is by establishing piss relationship boundaries early on and this is vital when working with young people who have issues around substance misuse. The BASW has to say about social wor k ethics and values.The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilising theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work (BASW,2001). 3Social work practice, in order to be ethical practice must be centred on the needs of service users Social workers of necessity intervene in peoples lives and have an influence on situations, ethical decision making is therefore a vital component of social work practice (Osmo and Landau, 2001).Yet another(prenominal) area where social work practice can be a minefield is in working with older people. When working with older people a social worker has a duty to abide by the 1990 NHS and community attention act. Working with older people can be tough on the one hand there is what you want to achieve as a social worker and on the other there are guidelines that may prevent you from doing your best for a client. There are an increasing number of legal and policy requirements that the social worker dealing with an older person must adhere to. It is difficult for the social worker to negotiate the needs and wishes of the client while remaining within the legislative framework. Working together is not always straightforward. The more recent Health and Social Care Bill of 2001 gives Government powers to require health bodies and local authorities whose services are failing to pool their resources. Parrott (2002) undertook research into the care management process and how it affects social workers and service users. He points out that there is often no common guidelines on which services should be provided, or the precedent of care to expect. The social worker may find that he/she has to perform most of the assessment and to discover whether an older persons fami ly would be brisk to help so that he/she could remain in their own home. Whatever the decision the social worker would also need to ensure that the client could, at some level, participate in the decision making process. Thus the process is fraught with problems, for example a social worker might assess a person as needing a certain level of care but this has to be agreed with the social workers supervisor and with care management. So the person may not receive the care that the social worker deems appropriate. Thus the social worker has a dilemma. While knowledge does inform practice it is not the only thing that the social worker has to deal with, management decisions also affect the process as Parrotts research shows. One thing that has become apparent to me is while research can inform practice, it should not be allowed to determine it, if and when it does this can result in oppressive practice and a complete disregard of the rights of the service user and this is against ethic al practice as outlined by the BASW.ConclusionThis paper has looked at knowledge based practice and how research informs what a social worker does. When dealing with research one is not looking at it in isolation but also having to deal with policies that emerge as a result of that research. Many of the funding restrictions that social workers have to deal with are a result of the 1988 Griffiths report which found that acquire organizations to work together, and using a market based approach to social care would save the Government money.BibliographyAbbott and Wallace (1997) An Introduction to Sociology Feminist Perspectives, London, RoutledgeBecker, H.S. 1963. Outsiders. New York, Free Press.Bennet, T. Holloway, K. and Williams T. 2001.Drug use and offending Summary results of the first year of the New-ADAM research programme. Home Office Research Study 236 Home Office LondonBlaxter, L, Hughes, C and Tight, M (1996) How to research. OU pressBowlby, J. 1946. Forty-four Juvenile Thi eves. London, Tindall and Cox.British Association of Social Workers (2002) The Code of Ethics for Social Work.http//www.basw.co.uk/.Bryman, A 2004 Social Research Methods 2nd ed. Oxford, Oxford University PressEley, S. 2002. Community-backed drug initiatives in the UK a review and commentary on evaluations. Health Social Care in the Community10(2),99-105.Giddens, 2001 4th ed. Sociology Cambridge, PolityHall,S. Critcher, C. Jefferson,T. Clarke, J. and Roberts, B. 1979 Policing the Crisis. Mugging,Leitner M., Shapland J. Wiles P. 1993. Drug Usage and Drugs Prevention The Views and Habits of the General Public. HMSO, London.Moore, S. 2002 tertiary Edition Social Welfare Alive Cheltenham, Nelson ThornesMoore, S.1996 Investigating Crime and Deviance London, Collins EducationalParrott, L 2002 Social Work and Social Care London, Routledge.Taylor Walton and Young. 1973. The New Criminology. London, Routledge11 http//www.homeoffice.gov.uk/docs/nme.htmlCHAP12 http//www.homeoffice.gov.uk/do cs/nme.htmlCHAP13 http//www.basw.co.uk/articles.php?articleId=2page=2

Western Style Fast Food In China

Western Style Fast food for thought In chinaIn this section, we hail 1 apply Five Forces simulate to investigate all kinds of emulation facing Hesperian prodigal aliment perseverance in mainland chinaw ar which contains competition between western closely solid pabulum for thought enterprises and Chinese unbendable intellectual nourishment enterprises.The grocery stores of tablew be and beverage argon both competitive, and the purchasing rate of raw materials is relatively low comp bed with other materials, therefore these providers are abject at faculty of pricing. As for other raw materials handle chicken and potatoes and so on, since that the prices of agricultural increases realise been rising in recent years, suppliers of these materials gain much power on pricing.(2)Competitors the other western extravagant regimen brands in China are McDonalds and so on. All these brands have a go at it their own reputation, and are operated in strand. The food and service they offer are of high quality. Particularly, they all expect huge potentials in agile food industry in China, so they are willing to invest intumescentr amount m whizy opening more eating houses in China. Therefore the competition between them tends to be more intensive in the future.(3)Consumers at present, if one Chinese consumer is willing to buy western loyal food it means that he (or she) has already accepted the price. Generally, the bargaining power of one single consumer in western devalued food industry is weak. But it does non hold for those free radical consumers. For straight off, most western debauched food enterprises steering on discrete consumer, and if they want to occupy a fraction of group consumers foodstuff,They should also apply flexible pricing strategies and enhance their bargaining power with consumers.(4)Substitution in recent years, more and more Chinese begin to support attention on diet wellness, which elicits the splitment of Ch inese fast food. The reasonable price and risque varieties of Chinese fast food has press the expansion of western fast food in China.(5)Potential entrants relatively speaking, the entry barriers of western fast food are high. Because these western fast food requires large funds input, big(p) brands reputation, economies of scale and so on. But we should also predict that with capability of investing strengthened and prudence improved for Chinese enterprises, they probably enter western fast food commercialize and enjoy great success in it.Through Five Forces modality we burn down find that western fast food industry in China is still of great profitable potential, and the competition between western fast food enterprises and Chinese fast food enterprises will intensify, which implies that both of western fast food enterprises and Chinese fast food enterprises should cultivate their own combat4.2Brief introduction active KFC in ChinaAs one of the most popular western style fast food brands, KFC(Kentucky Fried Chicken) belongs to the worlds largest food group -Yum food group . This largest food group includes about 30,000 KFC Dining-room, pizza hut and TacoBell restaurants which are distri anded in more than 100 countries and regions of the world. On November12, 1987, KFC entered into Beijing, which is the roof city of China. later that, more KFC chain restaurants discombobulate been established in more cities such as Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Xiamen etc. And even people who live in those small towns tin disregard also have the access to western style fast food. Until now, there are about two thousand one degree centigrade KFC chain stores distri provideded just about almost hour hundred and fifty cities except Tibet. KFC has been the largest fast food chain restaurant in China at the greatest speed of expansion(www.kfc.com.cn).4.3 internality battle of KFC in ChinaDuring eitherwhere twenty years development in China, KFC has be en always and constantly integrated and interpreted advantage of limited resources and capability in China, and have gradually cultivated its unique abilities during the business operation, which are non easily imitated by its rivals but also could bring it extra profits. Abilities identical that are named core competitiveness of KFC by our researchers. This kind of competitiveness can make one or several business operations are of archetypal rate in the world or of greater advantages over its competitors(Aaker,1989).(1) Standardization of management.The research by KFC on their standardization management is amazing. In order to train that people around the consentient world can enjoy the food of exactly like taste, KFC investigated in detail into e actually single processing course of study to obtain corresponding quantitative standard. There is no doubt that standardization is KFCs core knowledge competitive ability(Stephen,1992).(2). Localization.KFCs franchise mode is qui te special, with unique Chinese characteristics. Its not starting from zero joining way is acceptable by those Chinese investors. In addition, KFC applied material resources integration into its management. From the very day when it entered into China, KFC has been set(p) to provide food which is right for Chinese taste. For now, KFC purchase the raw material fully from topical anaesthetic providers.(3). Great brand power. These days, the internet is highly developed and study is comm lone whatever(prenominal) shared by people around the world, which makes it a good way to publicize KFCs brand more easily and efficiently. Based on kick upstairs companys terrific and strong brand reputation, KFC in China are as well known by almost each household, even for those who have not been to KFC.(4). Reasonable Location of restaurant. Same as McDonalds location, every time, KFC restaurants location is successful. No wonder that these two famous and popular western style fast food restaura nts are usually located besides each other.4.4 Competitive strategy of KFC in ChinaEnterprises usually choose those strategies which can bring them competitive advantages. accord to Potter theory(Porte,1997), ones competitive advantage is either from less cost than competitors or from obvious distinctions from its rivals. So competitive strategies include the following trey types cost leadership strategy, the differentiation strategy and centralization strategy. If enterprises through their innovative design, technical potential ability or outstanding brand substitution class and so on look to to provide different products, unique go, this strategy is called differentiation strategy which is based on a broader market comparing with centralization strategy (Prahalad, Hamel,1990). Here, we highlight the differentiation strategy as it is the major and most important strategy not only for KFC but also for other successful western style fast food restaurants such as McDonalds. By its definition, it means that according to their own product positioning, one develops its own new products and establishes its competitive strategies in terms of supplier management strategy, brand strategy, talent strategy and so on.(1) Product strategy product localization.On KFCs menu, there are some main varieties which not only in China, and even around the world are standardized and unified. But, in aspect of product innovation and uniqueness, KFC spares no travail to meet the different inescapably of customers in China. Since the mid 1990s, it was determined to build KFC as an influent brand which fulfills Chinese demands. To ensure the execution of this thinking and working direction, In 2000, KFC sincerely invited 40 interior(a) food nutrition experts to establish the Chinese KFC health consulting committee(www.kfc.com.cn). In 2004, due to KFC products innovation and localization strategy, it broke the boundaries between the western style fast food and traditional Chine se fast food, resulting in more new consumer market. At present, of more than 30 new products in Chinas regional market launched by KFC, at least half of them are of the Chinese characteristic. Some varieties even hit the consumer market since they learned from eightsome famous Chinese cuisines. For those products aiming at Chinese people , such as fresh vegetarian soup, cold rice, corn salad, old Beijing chicken and etc enjoy a wide popularity among people for its deep Chinese flavor. On summer of 2004, Guangdong province, the traditional old cool tea named WangLaoji, which is a traditional drink brand originated from Guangdong province, formally appeared on KFCs counter. This is the frontmost time for KFC to assert completely and directly traditional Chinese product into its food menu rather than indirectly improve these traditional food. Besides the deepening of localization strategies, KFC is now studying on consumers preferences within a region, in order to promote the regio nal localization strategy in the future. It has been over 20 years since KFC entered China. Now, KFC ranks first in fast food industry in China, largely owing to its localization strategy. In the Chinese market, KFC launches 1.5 new products per month mediocrely, and the turnover from KFC in China already is the powerful and main support for the headquarters profits.(2)Target strategies focusing on familiesFor fast food industry, the most commonly used method for arse market positioning is to divide the consumer market based on demographic factors. Other factors such as region factors, customer psychological factors and customer consumption way factors are less taken into account(Emerson,1990). Of demographic factors, western fast food industry mainly considers age as market positioning variables. KFCs target markets are families, which mainly include consumption of young people and young parents with their children(Gould,2002). Dining environment aims at providing family reunion , warm dinner atmosphere. And because of its product diversification and the localization of taste, KFC managed to deplume more people of all ages, unwrapicularly, with elders included. A few years ago, KFC launched the family meal, which is quite enough for a whole family to eat. In addition, being different from McDonalds publicity and high-voltage advertising, or inviting stars to join the advertisement, the feature of the image of KFC is its simplicity and implicative style, the warmth and love.(3)Brand image strategy localizationWith more attention is paid to brand image individuation by the enterprises, KFC in China have paid more attention to Chinese consumers psychology. Not only the information into life they would like to spread, but also the concept change for China to make a new fast food. In each brand image details, KFC is characterized by obvious Chinese culture features. KFC restaurants in China use a new mark and adornment concept. Not only a very smart appearanc e, all opthalmic elements like dining-room design, advertising, food packaging, staff uniforms, public goods have been armed with new visual marks. Even the KFC grandpa also changed into traditional Chinese costumes on Chinese traditional festivals. By doing this, KFC publicized its brand and marketing. Since people like to focus on changes or fresh things, while invariable things easily cause visual fatigue, failing stimulating people sensory and becoming the focusing centre naturally. Hence, from the strategic height, KFC sent signals of ever-changing to the media as well as consumers. KFC successfully do itself the social attention centre by gathering the public attentions, eventually smoothly spread its brand strategy and tactics to the public. SuJingShi, China regional death chair of Yum KFC once said Since the entry into China in 1987, KFC has always been able to insist on the concept of Chinese brand building, and devote every effort to make it. Under this localization con cept, the distance between KFC and Chinese customers is continuously getting closer. Building Chinese brand means putting Chinese bladderwrack into its brand building. In this way, it will definitely leave a more obvious trace of localization.(4)Talent strategy localization.KFCs talent localization, not only embodies in grass-roots employees, but more importantly, in the high-level management. From the first store in China until now, KFCs talent localization strategy have never been changed and even enhanced. KFC cultivate and promote and use local talents, giving full play to their comparative advantages due to their more familiarity with restitution policy environment and local market features. At present, KFC has employed eight general managers from Mainland Chinas total managers who are responsible sixteen markets in China respectively. Those senior management force-out who are directly responsible for the operation of restaurant such as operation manager, regional manager a nd Hall manager are recruited locally. Those local management personnel can better understand the local demand, master the local consumer psychology and consumption habits, quickly discover local market growth point, more accurately grasp the market pulse and well-timed make strategic adjustment(Caudron,1991), which helps KFC to win out competing against others. In order to better implement talent localization strategy, KFC creatively put forward the framework with great Chinese characteristics of double departments the operation department, HR and training department. This framework has a nickname two HR departments. ChenYaqing, the direct training senior manager of Yum China introduced the case that a special independent department is established from human resource training operations department is not common in the world. The wideness of the Chinese market determines the necessity to do so. We can see from this the great determination of talent strategy of KFC.(5)Supplier man agement strategy humanizationKFCs raw materials are all provided by local enterprises, so KFCs rapid development also stimulates the development of various related raw material supply industries in China. Currently, about 95% of food and packing materials are provided by suppliers in China. Based on principle of common interests, KFC introduces local suppliers brand new management concepts and progress technologies, and offers them active training programs and generous help especially for those suppliers who are some measure in troublesomey. Through this, KFC has formed strategic partners with local suppliers in China. Firstly, flip ones wiging the scale of the home(prenominal) suppliers. KFC took active measures to make its twenty five domestic suppliers who are distributed in the twenty seven cities and regions are now the most outstanding in industry. For example, Zhucheng unknown Trade Corporation in Shandong province, being in relationship with KFC for more than five years has become the largest county foreign trade corporation. Secondly, localization of overseas suppliers. KFC has been actively encouraging foreign suppliers to enter into China to establish local factories. For the past few years, KFC have succeed in promoting seventeen products localization which originally have to be imported from overseas suppliers. KFC Continuously integrated suppliers around itself, and established a strategic cooperation partnership with them. The attitude KFC treated with suppliers reflected the humanistic concern and Chinese characters.5. S.W.O.T analysis of Chinese fast food enterprisesTaking KFC as a typical example of western style fast food enterprises, we have showed the competitiveness and competitive strategies they adopt. To compete successfully against with them, what strategies should our Chinese fast food enterprise adopt? To answer this question, an S.W.O.T analysis may be effective.And when it comes to analysis on outside(a) opportunities and th reatens, we could also apply PEST analysis.5.1 External Opportunities (O)5.1.1 Economical factors(1) Economy of China grows at high rate.Since the policy of Reform and Opening-up in 1978, Chinas government has constantly taken economic development as the center, persisting in Reform and Opening up. For a recent decade, Chinas economy increased at an average rate over 10%.(www.stats.gov.cn) Even during the Southeast Asian Financial Crisis in 1998 and financial crisis recently, under the impact of world economic shock , Chinas economic performance is the best among the world.(1)Industry has a huge potential for development.Although with peoples living standards improving, the proportion of the third industrys output to GDP is increasing, but compared with the western developed countries, China is still low in proportion of the third industry to GDP. While the third industry is a good way to increase employment, social wealth as well as peoples effective living standard, so there must be a huge potential for development of third industry in China. As part of the third industry, the output of the fast food industry in China has increased at average rate of 16%, even during bad times like the Southeast Asian Financial Crisis, it enjoyed the rate over 16% (www.stats.gov.cn). In fact, the national bureau of statistics in China considered the fast food industry as one of the industries with the greatest economic growth, which revealed that the fast food in China would become a promising industry in the future.5.1.2 Political factors(1)Great policy support.In order to support Chinas fast growth, in march of 1997, Foreign Trade Department in China issued the Chain Stores Operating Norms, later outgrowth Program of Fast Food Industry in Chinain September of 1997, and The Commercial Franchising Management Measures(for trial implementation) in November of 1997. All these documents pointed out the command principles, development target, the main task, organization in the implementation and measures.(2) Political stabilityThe good investment environment, huge market and abundant tourism resources, attracted a large number of investors and tourists, thus making fast food become a indispensable need for businessman, tourists and other people who are occupied by clear activities.(4)Chinas entering into WTO promotes development of fast food industry.Firstly, the fast food industrys raw material be would decline and the quality would be improved. According to the agreements between China and American, China would open part of its grain market after entering into WTO. China would import 30million tons grain with high-quality, accounting for about 6% of Chinas whole grain market. These imported grain included One thousand tons of wheat, seven hundred tons corn six hundreds tons of rice, five hundred tons of soybean meal, quartette hundred tons of soybean and three hundred and thirty tons of soybean oil, meanwhile some special breeds of authentic fruit a nd meat .Because of the low price and good quality of import products, this will push domestic enterprises to reduce costs and improve quality.Secondly, it is helpful to expand the use of foreign capital and improve manufacturing processing equipments technological level. According the principle of national treatment, foreign investors will be treated as alike as Chinese domestic enterprises. Further more, the Chinas legal policies are becoming more transparent, it is easier for foreign investors to well predict market risk and profit condition. We have great confidence that foreign investors will invest in fast food industry. This can solve domestic capital insufficient contradiction, also can improve food Industry processing engineering science and management level, to produce scientific and modern Chinese food.Thirdly, it is advantageous for Chinas fast food enterprises to compete in the world(prenominal) market. Under the framework of WTO, each members of WTO reduce tariff ra te and eliminate barriers, and open services trade market. Our domestic fast food enterprises can enjoy national treatment, which helps to create opportunities for them to walk towards the world. Chinese food, especially the various cuisines, enjoy high reputation and consumers big welcome. If the traditional crafts with modern scientific technology can be perfectly combined, with good quality and reasonable price, Chinese fast food will be bound to succeed In the international market.Fourthly, it is helpful to accelerate the strategic reorganization of Chinese fast food enterprises. The large restaurant brand enterprise groups, with the establishment of fair market competition system, the competition among domestic fast food enterprises and between domestic fast food enterprises and foreign ones will tend to be more intense. After that, however, some large restaurant brand enterprise group, with the appropriate scale and regional across, will be formed.5.1.3 Social factorsAlthough more young people love to enjoy western style fast food, most of adults still prefer Chinese fast food. It is no doubt that in the future, people will definitely pay more attention on diet health. And since Chinese people are rooted on their profound diet culture, it is not easy for them to shift onward from tradition. Moreover, this advantages over western style fast food can be enhanced as long as Chinese fast food enterprises develop suitable strategies to assure the quality, tastes, service as well as to improve the management.5.1.4 Technological factorsIn fact, a great of the success of western style fast food should attributed to technological progress which also do good to Chinese fast food enterprises. Owing to more advanced and sophisticated cooking equipments, it costs less time to provide and offer Chinese food. Additionally, the cooking process can be divided into small pieces and each piece can be controlled, which ensures the finest quality of food and make standardiz ation feasible.5.2 External Threatens (T)(1) Fast expansion of western style fast food in China.In 1987 on November 12, the first KFC restaurant was established in Beijing .about 20years later in 2007, the chain stores of Yum KFC group in China has amounted about two thousand and one hundred. During the finale of time , McDonalds, pizza hut, Japanese, Italian pizza all entered into China In succession, in order to share the huge Chinese consumption .not only did these western style fast food occupied consumption market, they also changed gradually the diet concept of Chinese people.(2) The competitive advantages of western style fast food enterprises are strengthened.Based on competition principles of fairness, openness, justification, the foreign enterprises in China usually implement localization strategy to reduce the cost. In China, however, there are many and serious defects in talent incentive mechanism and income distribution system, so the foreign enterprises with good trai ning mechanism, and competitive compensation And scientific personnel management mode, will attract large quantities of outstanding management and professional talents. Until the end of 2000, the total KFC staff in China is 2.4 million, of them, More than 5,000 members are restaurants managers or function managers. During the early period time after KFCs entering in to China, the raw materials were fully imported abroad. But nowadays, being fully provided locally, resulting in KFCs operating costs further reduced, the competitive advantages further strengthen.(3) Competition between industries is intense.In the past, hotels and restaurants confined their consumption market to people with median or high income level. Because this market has been saturated, now the restaurants shift their attentions to a broader need of the public. Usually, in order to attract more consumers, the restaurants nowadays provide the food at a very reasonable price. Further more, to satisfy different taste s of different kinds of consumers, more varieties and flavors of food have been developed. More and more restaurants begin to operate their business in a chain and systematic way, which lowers the operation costs quite a lot.(4) A large number of potential entrantsFrom the perspective of investment capital, the general financing volume is not very high. According to the Chinese Fast Food Industry Research Report, to invest one fast food store, the minimum investment capital requires 100 thousand Yuan, and the maximum investment capital is 1million Yuan. Usually, the former which need a smaller volume money are Chinese fast food chain enterprises, while the latter which need a larger volume of money tend to be western fast food chain enterprises. investment above includes training fee and decoration expenses and so on. From the view of technology, the technologic barriers of fast food industry are not very high neither. From the view of the market situation, diet is an important com petent of social activities for people and also serves as a main way for intercourse among people. Especially, the long history of thousands of years of the diet culture determines that the consumption market of fast food industry is huge. Factors like high return on investment, shelter consumption market make fast food industry the investing hot, with a large number of investors in.(5) Diet culture changing.Over the world, it is impossible that the food demand anatomical structure of one orbit keep invariant, without being influenced by foreign food culture. This even applies to countries like China, France and Italy which all have a proud diet culture. It is inevitable that new varieties of food and cooking methods from other countries or regions will affect another nation food demand structure(Shone, Nobuhiro, Kaiser, 2000). The more open of one nation, the easier the food demand structure of itself tends to be affected by foreign food culture. Not only have Western fast Food culture promoted the development of Chinese fast food, but also have cultivated a certain group who have a preference for western fast food(Jussaume,2001). Since the youth are the target consumption market for KFC, the youth are mostly affected by western fast food culture. They think of eating western style fast food as a new and fashionable life style rather than simply satisfying their appetites.5.3 Internal Strength (S)(1) A large number of varietiesThere are a large number of Chinese fast food varieties such as rice, noodles, dumplings, pancakes and so on, which are characterized by traditional national characteristics. It is rather difficulty for western fast food restaurants to offer such rich varieties of food. The diet culture with the history of five thousand years impresses every Chinese profound influence, which is the greatest advantage over western style fast food.(2) Flavours of diversificationDue to Chinas vast territory and 56 ethnic groups in different regions, con sumers in different regions have different diet habits. Even within the same region, the tastes vary across individuals. Although Western style fast food restaurants make some adjustment on tastes in different countries to satisfy the local taste, generally, the tastes of their food have not changed a lot for their slogan tastes the same over the world.(3) Moderate priceChina is still a developing country, in 2001, disposable income of urban residents per capita is 6860 Yuan. Price is still the major considering factor when they are planning to consume. The cost of western-style food consumption per capita each time is between 20yuan to 50yuan, which is still on the high side for general consumers. According to the statistical analysis, the average cost of Chinese fast food per capita each time is about 10yuan which is the consumption level that most Chinese people can reach. As a matter of fact, these people are the main consumption of fast food industry.(4) Loyal customersIt is th e cultural features of food consumption that assures the Chinese fast food enterprises stable and loyal customers. Food consumption is not only a mean which satisfies people the most basic physiological needs, but also cultural features by which a nation is distinguished from other nations. Whether you are one of the elders who are deeply rooted by prominent feature and traditional culture or of new trend-spotting generation, and whether you are one of the rich who pursuit life quality or of the low-income receivers who are mainly contented with physiological needs. As long as you are born in China, the diet culture is rather hard to change. Although other cultural features, such as the consumption idea, clothing, lifestyle is actually changing with the further development of Globalization, modernization. The Local feature makes the entry of the foreign enterprise into Chinese market more difficult than the entry into markets like financial market, insurance market, Consulting and o ther services industry market. Compared with the enterprises into China, Chinese fast food enterprises have a objective advantage namely customer loyalty.5.4 Internal Weakness (W)(1)The unworthy sanitary conditions in restaurants and instability of food qualityThe sanitary conditions of fast food industry is directly related to the health of customers. They are reflected in three aspects sanitary conditions of the production of food processing, sanitary conditions of tableware and dinnerware and sanitary conditions of dining restaurant environment. The sanitary situation of most fast food enterprises in our country health situation is worrying, even if Equipped with the disinfection equipment according relevant regulations, the procedure of disinfection is often omitted when there are not enough dish plates. Chef and Staff are very in cleanliness, especially during summer. Such terrible sanitary conditions discouraged many customers from dining. KFC especially emphasis on internal cleansing, the company set rules about how to infract the stores cleanliness. Items like food quality, cooking, cooking time and temperature and so on have to be evaluated by the following assessment quality, service, health and value .the scores of the four assessments would decide whether you are eligible to join to apply for new stores. Chinese fast food restaurants are lack of quantitative criteria, because the chef cooks by his or her experience. It is difficult to guarantee quality of uniform standards, and food quality is not showing a great deal of stability, which has a negative effect on the inheritance of the traditional cooking and Chinese fast food track of modernization. Western-style fast food enterprises use advanced production equipment and technology, and strictly control the food-processing time, temperature, taste, which can hamper the food from the impact of human factors to ensure the quality stability.(3)Being Slow to provide foodSummary of the main feature s of fast food is to provide catering services in the shortest possible time(Jekanowski, Binkley ,2001), thereby saving consumers time. For fast food enterprises, if they can not increase the service speed, it means that they are probably to lose their customers and market. It is estimated that the postponement time of Chinese fast food enterprises customers is a period of 15 minutes for 10, while KFCs is less than two minutes.(4) Marketing concepts left behindFood products include three parts a core product to meet the appetite the form of products of a delicious food, excellent environment, clean utensils extension product of a satisfactory service. Chinese fast food enterprises are in the pursuit of foods colour, Smell and taste too much, and ignore the image of the restaurant, service norms, the time lag time, cleanliness of environment and extension of the form of products(Liu,2003). Therefore the overall product does not meet consumers expectations, resulting in failure in c ompetition with Western-style fast food. The Chinese fast food enterprises are poor at brand awareness, people are more familiar with KFC an

Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

     In the United States a process called Affirmative Action is used to help to overcome the affects of by societal discrimination by granting jobs and resources to members of specific groups, such as minorities and women. The policy was implemented by federal agencies enforcing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and by the Equal trading Opportunities Act of 1972. While many people believe it is a step in the right direction in stopping employment discrimination, it is taking jobs from fit persons because they argon not of a certain race or gender, in turn doing the same thing that was done to minorities and women for years.      I do not certify assentient action for several reasons. This policy would enable two people who apply for a job in an office building for the same set to be judged differently. One applicant is white and the other is black. Only one slot is available. The two applicants have the same need level of education and cli p experience. They both have great recommendations and great credentials. According to affirmative action, however, the person of African American origin is automatically better qualified, in an attempt to meld the work place of higher employment positions. So, in essence, the person of African American heritage is receiving the job only because he is a different race. Now, in the early 1970s this policy was invented to help put a stop to racial discrimination in the work place, but with this policy you are doing the exact same thing you set out to stop, but to the other race. I do not think it is fair to integrate our work forces at mortal elses expense.      One specific group of people that do not support the policy is, surprising to most, the Asian-American society. Many Asian Americans, specifically Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese, argue that affirmative action policies ultimately harm them. While these policies exist to help the underrepresented, they clai m that they are over represented. Their argument is, therefore, similar to that of the white majority. They state that race-based policies such as affirmative action should be abolished based on the argument that group-based affirmative action hurt individuals. Those against affirmative action claim that eliminating affirmative action would outgrowth the Asian American admission rate. They say that Asian American achievement and integration into American society is a proof that affirmative action programs are no longer needed and they hinder opportunities for "qualified" Asian Americans.

Acquiring Skills in a New Language Essay -- Communication, Writing Ski

IntroductionA fundamental aspect of acquiring skills in a new language is the qualification to communicate messages in compose. For a teacher of English as a second language, nurturing students to develop sound writing skills is crucial to the success of the student both(prenominal) as a learner of the language, and their skills communication skills in reading, speaking and even listening in English. The natural ability of native speakers to communicate in a given language does not automatically indicate proficiency in their writing skills, which must be acquired. The psycholinguist Eric Lenneberg noted that writing is a culturally specific and learned behaviour (Brown, H.D, p334). Consequently, writing skills are important to developing a students appreciation of Western culture and a student who does not acquire sound writing skills is deprived of many benefits of reading and communicating with the Western world. This essay will explore the key principles for developing wri ting skills for non-English speakers, and how these principles shag be applied by a teacher of English writing skills in a classroom context. The essay will explore relevant books and research in this area. Key Principles for Developing Writing SkillsThe ability to write and express oneself in a second language with accuracy and coherence is a complicated skill. As stated by Celce-Murcia, as many native speakers of English never master this skill (Celce-Murcia, M, p187). Mastery of English Fundamentals That safe writing skills take time to develop is understandable since good written expression draws on many other aspects of ones English abilities including a good grasp of English grammar, accurate spelling, extensive vocabulary, unders... ... ability to read widely improves a learners writing skills. In designing classroom activities, a teacher could apply pedagogical practices that exercise a range of these skills. Joy Reid suggests the use of cooperative and group work th at offer writers authentic audiences, the desegregation of language skills in class activities, and the use of relevant, authentic materials and tasks (Carter, R and Nunna D, (Eds), p32).ConclusionAs Prabhu states, there is no best method to teaching English writing (Prabhu, N.S, p175) and a successful teacher is likely to use a combination of all these methodologies. In a classroom context, the best methods focus on the influence of writing, the use of free expression in the framework of learned conventions and controlled expressions, and the teaching of culture simultaneous with the teaching of language skills and writing.

Herman Wouks The Winds of War How Should One Read A Book? :: Winds of War Essays

Herman Wouks The Winds of War- How Should One Read A Book? While reading Herman Wouks classic tale, The Winds of War, I came across several passages describing a young mans deal of Germany. Although the author supplies me with his ideas, his desire and his provocative details on how this young Major views Germany at the time of the second world war, I still find myself question and questioning aspects of the written text before me. Apart from being drawn from my sub-conscious state to a more subtle and unconscious condition, several questions begin to from at heart my mind. Have I ever seen Germany before? What were the political conditions? What did the SS Stormtroopers look like? What did a concentration camp reveal? By triggering these sensors and somewhat emotional queries within me, the author has already caused a clockwork cycle to commence which will enlighten my reading and eventually create enjoyment and furthering interests with his novel. This is what V irginia Woolf focuses her composition about and emphasizes so real clearly After reading her strive, I came to grasp and understand her theory that one is better(p) not to accept advice from another on how to read literature, since the best advice is no advice at all. Woolf expresses the conception that when one begins to read literature he begins to enter different stages of go throughation that will ultimately improve his pleasure and satisfaction. It was taken for granted(predicate) to me that I had in fact indulged in forms of interpretation when reading literature, but it had never dawned on me until reading Woolfs essay. Whenever I am subjected to something in literature that is not fully comprehensive, I begin to engage in several different forms of interpretation. The first stage would reflect much of the philosophy composed in the essay Against Interpretation whereas I, the reader, would observe the content and then translate the form. Literature induc es the reader to use his experience and memories to comprehend what a person, place or thing is and then interpret it. Th econd stage would involve translating where one begins a comparison sequence trying to link their past knowledge with the subject introduced by the author.

The Robber Bride :: essays research papers

Depending on how you look at Margaret Atwoods The Robber Bride, Timsoncalls it an upmarket melodrama whereas Martin refers to it as a novelconfronting politically correct feminism. The truth is it isnteither of these. While some of the situations are greatly exaggerated,this book comments on the way that women interact with each other on aday-to-day basis. Atwood tells the story of three women, and how theyare drawn together because they have all been double-crossed by a mutualfemale friend, Zenia. These characters seem so concrete that in some casesthey are reminiscent of actual acquaintances. The male characters inThe Robber Bride, however, are dull and lifeless. We never get to knowany of them in great detail. On the other hand, Atwood does a wonderfuljob of describing the setting, which really allows the reader becomemore involved in the story.The main message in this novel is that women have drastically differentrelationships with each other than they do with men. Not being a charmyself makes it difficult for me to determine if this message is true, further nonetheless, Atwood does have a lot to say about the way femalesdeal with each other. The character Roz constantly runs into problemsin the business world. Its complicated, being a woman boss. Womendont look at you and think Boss. They look at you and think Woman, asin Just another one, like me, and where does she get off?The female characters do not come across as more emblematic thanreal. as Timson suggests. Charis decides how her day is going to be byswinging a crystal above her head. This sort reminds me of anacquaintance who once tried to lecture me on the power of crystalvibrations. This may be because Atwoods characters are stereotypesand everyone is bound to know someone like them. However, this realismprovides jet ground between the reader and the novel, which makes iteasier to read.As Male characters in The Robber Bride are very poor and have absolutelyno depth. Or as Timson put it &8230a nd male characters who, it can beargued, are uniformly portrayed as so hapless, brutal or pathetic youcould forgive them for forming a stay group, leaping off the page andtearing the author from limb to limb. Their only purpose is to serveas vehicles for the female characters to injure each other. Forinstance, West just now ever speaks and Tony treats him like a baby,sheltering him from everything and everyone. She believes that it isher job to protect him, and this comes from Zenia almost taking him from

The Glass Menagerie - Amanda Wingfield Essay -- English Literature

The Glass Menagerie - Amanda WingfieldIf there is a signature character type that marks Tennessee-Williamss dramatic work, it is undeniably that of the faded greybelle. Amanda is a clear representative of this type. In general, aTennessee Williams faded belle is from a prominent Southern family,has received a traditional upbringing, and has suffered a r invariablysal of economic and social fortune at some point in her life. Like Amanda,these women all have a hard time coming to terms with their parvenue statusin societyand indeed, with modernistic society in general, whichdisregards the social distinctions that they were taught to value.Their relationships with men and their families are turbulent, andthey staunchly defend the values of their past. As with Amanda, theirmaintenance of elegant manners in very ungenteel surroundings canappear tragic, comic, or downright grotesque. Amanda is the playsmost extroverted and theatrical character, and one of modern Americandramas most cov eted female roles (the acclaimed stage actressLaurette Taylor came out of semi-retirement to play the role in theoriginal production, and a number of known actresses, includingJessica Tandy, have since taken on the role).Amandas constant nagging of Tom and her refusal to see Laura for whoshe really is are certainly reprehensible, but Amanda also reveals a allow foringness to resign for her loved ones that is in many waysunparalleled in the play. She subjects herself to the humiliatingdrudgery of subscription sales in order to enhance Lauras marriageprospects, without ever uttering so much as a word of complaint. Thesafest conclusion to draw is that Amanda is not evil but is deeplyflawed. In fact, her flaws a... ...r we will see that she is white-lipped of what will happen to ayoung girl of Lauras position who is not married. Thus, Amandasemotions are mixed at present but will become clearer as the playprogresses.Note how Amanda plays the revelation scene for all its theatricalef fect. This is also a part of her character and prepares us for hergiddy actions when the humankind caller comes.One of Amandas admirable qualities is her determination. Once she hasset her mind to a task, she goes about it with a determination thatneither of her children possesses. It would be impossible to forecasteither Tom or Laura dedicating themselves to a task with such completezeal as does Amanda.It is, however, this dedication which makes her appear hateful to herchildren. It is as though both, peculiarly Tom, were still youthswhose every action had to be supervised.