The Importance of Oil And Gas Law As A Distinct Subject

Question: Describe the legal aspect of oil and gas industry? Answer: Introduction There different types of legislation are applicable in the industry of oil and gas. The international commercial arbitration is playing a significant role in the gas and oil industry. On the other hand, the gas and oil industry includes many risky, complex and expensive operations which exist for a long period. In order to engage various parties in these operations, special contracts have an individual role to play in the gas and oil industry. The complexity of the operations creates many types of disputes in the management of the gas and oil industry. On the other hand, there are various kinds of disputes identified in the gas and oil industry such as claims relating to quantity and quality of goods, expert determination, claims over authority, equipment related claims, insurance issue, and international marine. Most of the parties of oil and gas industry prefer the agreed dispute resolution (ADR) process rather than lead it to national courts. Moreover, the international arbitratio n includes some phases such as the economy, easy enforcement, neutrality, and speediness. So, it is more preferable to litigation. In addition, arbitration is considered confidential, affordable and non-adversarial for parties and they make a resolution of their disputes (Born, 2009). Impact of substantive rules of international law on oil and gas industry With the help of agreement of the parties, the legal structure and guidelines of relevant law to the elements of international oil and gas industrys disputes. According to the Art.28 (1) of the arbitration act, the disputes in accordance including rules of law by the events as appropriate to the elements of the disputes (Case Law, 2015). The designation of law or any legal system should be either concluded or expressed by the parties in oil and gas industry. The practical rules of global rule are very effective to state the issue of oil and gas industry. The determination of international law is very important in order to utilize the substantive rules in the disputes of gas and oil industry. With the help of hierarchy recourses, the law should be conducted, and the national law will apply encompasses all of the rules of that law. Apart from that, the parties of the oil and gas industry can select or become the arbiters, and they will decide to apply the non-national, intercontinental and international practical rules or the standard value of international law of oil and gas industry (Zedalis, 2012). All above mentioned reference are very important for applicable substantive rules of the international law. It is very significant to notify that the Russian parties rarely use the chosen applicable law instead of the legal system. On the other hand, the lawyers for the oil and gas industry are playing a significant role in this section. Most of the lawyers recommend against the references to the sets of substantive rules of the international law. Apart from that, the general principals of international law are mainly conducted by the arbiters and judges to avoid the difficulties of internal disputes of the oil and gas industry (Oshionebo, 2007). On the basis of general principals of law, the parties of oil and gas industry lead towards the construction of a system and they are looking for the de-nationalize applicable law. The international law is applicable in the case of contract analogy; in addition, the principals of law should not be used when the parties are expressly agreed about the identification of disputes. Moreover, that kind of agreement cannot be prevented to apply, and it was proved by the certain awards of arbitral. The limitation of internationalization could be found in the public order of the forum states court or the essential norms; the foreign decision would be recognized and enforced by either judicial or arbitral in order to resolve the disputes in the gas and oil industry (Karataeva, 2014). The key principals of contract formation in international commercial transactions in the oil and gas sector In order to focus on the cross-border sale of goods, the legal aspects of international commercial transactions are playing a significant role. The contracts for the international sale of goods was introduced in 1988, and the United Nations Convention reviewed it with 73 countries had approved it. Furthermore, the formation of the contracts for the international deal of possessions and a comprehensive legal code of international law were managed through the establishment of the conversation(Galante, 2013). In addition, the legal obligation of buyer and seller also resolved with the help of that conversation. Moreover, the principals of international commercial transaction determine the breach of contract and other contract related aspects. On the other hand, a landmark is presented by the contracts for the international sale of goods in the procedure of global fusion of law. However, it is predictable that over 75% of all international sales transactions are potentially controlled by the agreements for the international auctions of properties. Apart from that, the most significant sets of rules are considered by the UNIDROIT principals on the international commercial contracts. In addition, the parties of the oil and gas industry who follow the international contract can choose to preside over their agreement. Both the contracts for the international sale of goods (CISG) and UNIDROIT contract principals have their individual role to play in the international commercial transaction and international trade. A particular emphasis is identified with the international law and arbitration practice. (Best of the oil gas law colloquium, 2013) Talking about the key international law principals and trends, both influence the legal aspects of oil and gas industry. According to the principals of international law, the contract includes some effective factors such as licenses, permits, authorization and temporary permits which are required by rules and regulation of the gas and oil industry. The license is very important in order to trend goods. The license reflects the approval of government along with permission. The license should be preserved carefully (Palazzo Almada and Parente, 2013). On the other hand, the permits are playing a significant role in the oil and gas industry. According to the applicable law, the permit is required to run the business smoothly without any legal problems. So, the international commercial transactions and key international law principals influence the rules and regulation of the oil and gas sector. International law and environmental impact of the oil exploration and exploitation Due to the oil exploration, the environment is very much polluted and damaged. According to the international law, the oil and gas industry puts extra attention on the oil exploration. The dangerous toxic acid is produced by the oil exploration, and it is mixed in the nearby water. The physical damage occurred for both animals and human due to the toxic acid. The water is being polluted which used in the cropland. In order to sustain the crops are required for the human. Due to the effect of toxic acid, the crops carry various types of disease such as hepatitis A, diarrhea, lead poisoning, polyomavirus infection, etc(Best of the oil gas law colloquium, 2013). On the other hand, the chemical components in the liquid organic wastages create an organic mixture which polluted the water of ponds and river. The water of the river is used as the drinking water in many areas. Regarding oil exploration and drilling the recourses of that drinking water is being polluted. As a result, the human is affected, and they suffer from different diseases(Smith, 2013). Apart from that, the oil exploration leads the soil pollution also. Many oil companies drill the rain forest in order to extend their business and increase the environment pollution. Due to the water pollution fishes are dying, and many people have to face financial problems which deal with it. The deforestation is one of the significant causes of the environment pollution(Makuch and Pereira, 2012). A wide range of forest had been cut off by the oil companies to expand their business. On the other hand, the wood is used for the roads, fuel, construction, and furniture. Moreover, the effect of oil pollution on the human society is very significant matter. In order to control the environmental pollution, the World Health Organization and international law implement some effective rules and regulation. According to the applicable law, the oil companies needs to clean all underground tunnels, chambers and drains to organic wastages removal. The workers should pay more attention to the environment issues. They should work more sincerely and put wastages at proper places and take protection from those infective organic wastages in order to maintain their physical condition. So, the oil exploration and exploitation influence the environmental pollution but the international law prevents the pollution through various ways(Makuch and Pereira, 2012). The importance of oil and gas law as a distinct subject The gas and oil law should be introduced in different types of business school, universities and law schools. The students should be aware of the importance of oil and gas law. Many types of research proved that the law is a significant subject which increases the human knowledge about the rules and regulation(Kubasek and Silverman, 2008). Apart from that, the students should know the oil and gas industry because it is related to the environment and their personal lives. We all knew the impact of oil and gas exploration, production and distribution on the environment. We should protect our environment with the help of oil and gas law. If students are aware of the oil and gas law, then they can prevent the pollution by implementing that law. On the other hand, the fuel is one of our daily requirements for life. Oil and gas industry produces the fuel and provides it to us. During the production process, packaging process and distribution process the environment is polluted by the oil a nd gas industry. Most of the employees do not obey the rules and regulations of the oil and gas industry and spread organic wastages in everywhere. The students can implement the oil and gas law, and they should report it to the authority of the oil and gas industry(Park, 2013). Apart from that, the teacher can also expand their knowledge circle through the oil and gas law. First of all, teacher and professors must understand the theories of oil and gas industry. After the complete training, they should start teaching the students, and they should take a test on this important subject(Oil and gas industry to use Nasas training space, 2012). The authority of education system should include the oil and gas law as a significant subject in their annual syllabus. In addition, the oil and gas law should be a compulsory subject for the students of the institution. Moreover, the oil and gas law should be introduced through practical and commercial context. Many young people are working in the oil and gas industry who do not know the law of oil and gas. The management should be aware them about the significance of the oil and law which helps them to improve their performance, knowledge and responsibility. In terms of a fresh candidate who wants to join the oil and gas industry, the management should provide a practical lesson to them. However, the oil and gas law can become a useful subject of the nation(Burnett and Williams, 2012). Conclusion The oil and gas industry includes some relevant international law which determines the rules and regulation. On the other hand, the international commercial arbitration is more preferable rather than litigation. The actual reason is that, the parties of the oil and gas industry wants to resolve the disputes with the help of applicable law. They do not want to visit the commercial court of the state. As a result, the arbitration is the most favorite disputes resolving method of the oil and gas industry. References Best of the oil gas law colloquium. (2013). Mechanicsburg, Pa. (5080 Ritter Rd., Mechanicsburg 17055-6903): Pennsylvania Bar Institute. Born, G. (2009). International commercial arbitration. Austin [Tex]: Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Burnett, S. and Williams, D. (2012). The role of knowledge transfer in technological innovation: an oil and gas industry perspective. Knowledge Management Research Practice, 12(2), pp.133-144. Case Law. (2015). Computer Law Review International, 16(4). Galante, E. (2013). Application of Explosives in the Oil Industry. OGCE, 1(2), p.16. Karataeva, E. (2014). Can the Caspian Sea Survive its Own Oil? Environmental Regulation of the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry in the Caspian Sea. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 29(3), pp.415-456. Kubasek, N. and Silverman, G. (2008). Environmental law. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Makuch, K. and Pereira, R. (2012). Environmental and energy law. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley Blackwell. Oil and gas industry to use Nasas training space. (2012). Industrial and Commercial Training, 44(3). Oshionebo, E. (2007). Transnational Corporations, Civil Society Organisations and Social Accountability in Nigeria's Oil and Gas Industry. African Journal of International and Comparative Law, 15(1), pp.107-129. Palazzo Almada, L. and Parente, V. (2013). OIL GAS INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL: A BRIEF HISTORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK. Panorama of Brazilian Law, 1(1), pp.223-252. Park, P. (2013). International law for energy and the environment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Smith, V. (2013). Economics of Natural Environmental Resources (Routledge Revivals). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Zedalis, R. (2012). Oil and gas in the disputed Kurdish territories. London: Routledge.

Theory of Disruptive Innovation of iPhone- Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the case study iPhone for Disruptive Innovation. Answer: Introduction: The term disruptive innovation was first coined by analyzed by Clayton M. Christensen in the year 1995, in an attempt to define those innovative ideas that have on one hand lead to the development of new value network and markets, and on the other have led to the complete destruction of a well established market, thereby displacing the key players and their alliances (Petersen, Mozota and Kim 2015). Philip Elmer-DeWitt, an eminent technology expert associated with the Fortune groups is of the opinion that any innovative idea can be considered to be disruptive in nature, provided it adheres to three golden principles: the first two remain the same as that stated by Christensen , the third being the fact the idea has been launched in the market at a time when the old players were either over-serving or under-serving the customers (Elmer-DeWitt 2015). The author also states that the introduction of Apple in the market can hardly be considered as disruptive innovation: this is primarily because of the fact that at the time when the iPhone was released, it was merely a startup idea, which included certain additional features other than basic telephony. In fact, over the last couple of years, Apple has stuck to the optimization zone of the innovation cycle, their new products being mere improvements of their previous models (Forbes.com 2016). Besides this, Apple has not yet been able to displace all the key organizations developing mobile handsets. Thus, it can be concluded that: the introduction of the iPhone was not at all a disruptive innovation. References Elmer-DeWitt, P. 2015.Why Apple, Tesla, and Uber Aren't 'Disruptive'. [online] Fortune. Available at: https://fortune.com/2015/12/17/apple-tesla-uber-not-disruptive/ [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Forbes.com, 2016.Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewanspence/2016/04/30/apple-iphone-se-review/#64a37ab556e1 [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Petersen, S., Mozota, B.B. and Kim, J., 2015. Managing Design Driven Innovation through the use of Design Scorecards. In11th Conference of the European Academy of Design, April.

Violence On Screen Essays - Animation, Television,

Violence On Screen In the last few years, I have noticed that on screen violence has become as common as a Cheesesteak in Philadelphia. People often argue that the violence seen on screen is influencing our culture, yet each year the amount of viewers' increase. It seems that in order for your film or program to be successful it must contain violence. In my opinion, this constant levitation of violence on screen is due to our cultures' infatuation with the art of violence. Violence is present in the most of our cultures most enjoyedfilms like Independence Day, daytime talk shows such as Jerry Springer and even in cartoons that have been around forever like Tom & Jerry. I can recall a time when daytime talk shows (Donahue, Oprah) would hardly ever have audience feed back and very few panelists. My how times have changed. On today's talk shows, such as Jerry Springer, there is always a boisterous audience member, or an insane guest. Just as sure as you will find Abe Lincoln on a penny, you will see a chair fly on Jerry Springer. The Springer show was the first show to have guests' fight without stopping the camera. Jerry Springers' blatant disrespect for daytime show rules stirred controversy in the media but it also stirred up something in the public.... interest.Although Jerry Springer had gone against all the rules of daytime, his rebellion had made his talk show the most watched show in the nation. When the Springer show surpassed the ratings of all time favorite Oprah Whinfrey, it was re-established that violence sells. Recently the Springer show has stopped airing its' fierce and very real fights for many reasons, one being that 23% of the people that watched his show are under the age of sixteen. Although Jerry Springer is a show intended for adults, childrens' shows contain violence as well.When I was a child, I saw nothing wrong with the Elmer Fudd hunting Rabbits or other Looney Tune characters being blown up, shot, or thrown off a cliff. Wile E. Cyote was always being killed while scheming to catch the Road Runner. The most popular cartoons always contained violence. Though not the most violent, Tom & Jerry exhibited the cat and mouse chase with a little extra. There have been countless times I have been glued to the TV as Tom was beaten up, cut up, or strangled by the witty mouse Jerry. It did not even strike me as violence, but it was. I watched Tom & Jerry a few days ago, I realized that the whole show was based on Tom and Jerry trying to kill each other. Tom trying to kill Jerry to eat him or keep his master and mistress happy and Jerry trying to kill Tom to save his life. There weren't a lot of weapons used in Tom & Jerry except for a few explosives here and there but never any guns like in many big screen movies.Everyone loves to go to the movie theatre with their over priced snacks and sticky floors, but what makes movies sell? The films that make the most money at the box offices are usually action films that have many fist fights, explosives and big guns. Independence Day grossed more at the box offices than any other film in history. The movies plot was typical. A group of fearless humans attempts to save the earth from vicious extraterrestrial. Will Smith fist fought aliens, blew up planets and clobbered all the bad guys. The movie was consisted of a visual feast of explosives, property damages, and incredible sound effects. Independence Day was to Sci-Fi what Twister was to disaster films. Although Independence Day contained a massive amount of violence almost every person in America went to see it, and loved it. Just because our culture loves violence on screen, it does not mean that we all have sick and tormented minds, we are not all just killers waiting to happen. Our culture is obsessed with real issues being dramatized . There is nothing wrong with having violence in films and on T.V. If a person wants to sit down and watch Will Smith blow up a planet and save the world, then they have that right. I personally enjoy watching action films with explosives, fistfights and death counts at nearly one hundred. I love the feeling of leaving the theatre in awe of what I just saw. Violence is apart of our culture both on and off the screen, only we can

Yorktown Technologies

Yorktown Technologies Strategic Problem and issue Identification Yorktown Technologies markets its GloFish to different customers in different parts of the world. The firm requires a powerful marketing strategy in order to get the best outcomes. In 2004, the company made numerous losses thus affecting its future goals.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Yorktown Technologies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This situation explains why Alan Blake required a powerful strategy in order to support Yorktown Technologies’ goals. GloFish has the capability to detect toxins in contaminated water. Some policies made it impossible â€Å"for Yorktown Technologies to market the fish in different parts such as California† (Kerin and Peterson 406). However, the level of consumer-acceptance was on the rise. The other important thing was to create several varieties of the zebra fish. It was also necessary to develop and enhance the produc t. Many investors were becoming impatient because Yorktown Technologies was not making the best profits. The first strategy towards a successful business was to have a proper distribution channel. The major considerations included â€Å"kiosks, the internet, independent pet stores, and chain stores† (Kerin and Peterson 413). The firm was â€Å"also failing to display the fish under optimal conditions† (Kerin and Peterson 413). That being the case, the important thing was for the firm to have a proper marketing strategy. Analysis and Evaluation Blake was ready to make his company successful. To begin with, he had acquired â€Å"genetically modified fish in order to address the ecological issues affecting the business† (407). A new campaign was required in order to attract more customers. The important thing was to inform more people about the product. The approach would also increase the market demand for the fish. More people in the country were purchasing the f ish for ornamental purposes. Different â€Å"competitors were using various distribution channels and outlets to market freshwater ornamental fish† (412).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This situation shows clearly that the market was embracing the above product. Although Yorktown Technologies was becoming a leading player in its industry, it was the right time to have a powerful marketing strategy. The leading retail chains were also unwilling to market the company’s product. It was also costly to lease space in different outlets and shopping malls. Blake was also considering the possibility of using the internet to market this fish (Kerin and Peterson 413). However, the strategy would be costly for the firm. The other consideration was to market the product internationally. Alan Blake also wanted to produce sterilized fish in order to deal wit h illegal breeding. Blake targeted various markets in Canada, Europe, and Australia. However, this approach would attract many competitors thus affecting the company’s goals. New companies were â€Å"also marketing genetically modified fish in the United States† (Kerin and Peterson 413). Recommendations Yorktown Technologies must use a powerful strategy in order to achieve its potentials. The company should begin by analyzing the level of competition. The firm should also identify new markets in Europe, Asia, and Australia. A powerful strategy will ensure the firm displays its ornamental fish in a proper manner. The company should also use online marketing in order to attract more customers. The company can use a powerful advertising strategy in order to inform more people about this ornamental fish (Kerin and Peterson 412). Different social sites such as Facebook and Pinterest can produce the best outcomes. Yorktown Technologies should also use the 4Ps (product, promo tion, place, and price) of marketing. The firm will use this strategy to market its GloFish to more consumers. A proper distribution channel will also attract more customers. The approach will eventually make Yorktown Technologies successful.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Yorktown Technologies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kerin, Roger, and Robert Peterson. Strategic Marketing Problems: Case and Comments. Upper-Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2009. Print.

Systems Analysis & Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Systems Analysis & Design - Essay Example This paper will give details of Use Case Diagrams, Use Cases, Activity Diagram, Class Diagram, Sequence diagram and State Diagram of Caledonian Hotel System information system. Traditional information system projects were developed using the Systems Development Life Cycle (SLDC) or ‘Waterfall Model’ to manage and implement the system. Designed in the 1960s this methodology sees the process split into a series of distinct steps: Using the above ‘top-down’ process each step cannot commence until the preceding step has been completed and the findings passed down the chain, at each stage a review can take place to ensure that the requirements identified in the previous stage have been met. In recent years, this development process has come to be seen as too rigid, one of the major problems with this process is that the timescale involved from the project inception to the stage of implementation is far too long. Problems and delays at each stage of the process often result in late delivery of a system. However, a more serious problem is that because the development process is so long the final system produced can be out of date by the time it is released for use. As time passes, user requirements for a system may evolve as a company embraces new working process or technology, it is easy for these changes not to be incorporated into the system being developed and as a result, the completed system ma y not be fit for its intended purpose. To try and combat these problems new Iterative development processes have been adopted. This new iterative approach involves breaking the entire project into small ‘chunks’ based on functionality, rather than looking to deliver a complete solution one year after the project starts as the traditional waterfall process does, this iterative style will look to produce a working solution in a few months. This initial solution

Affirmative Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Affirmative Action - Essay Example Since time immemorial, women have always been regarded as the lesser gender in almost all aspects of the economy. For a long time this gender stereotype has seen the women belonging to the lower ranks in the society below the male domination. As a result, a great percentage of them have been barred from decision making opportunities and also positions in society and school (Vidu, 1999). Apart from women, affirmative action seeks to change the perception of persons in relation to racism, ethnicity and gender. According to Sander (2004), discrimination on racial grounds is not a new scene in the world. The mostly racially abused group is the African Americans. Some years back, it was difficult and almost impossible for a black person to have equal opportunities in education, employment or business. Puddington (1995) emphasizes that affirmative actions tend to eradicate these issues in all levels of the society. This paper will focus on some of the advantages of affirmative action. Addi tionally, it will also cover critics of the affirmative action and detect instances where affirmative action has been useful. Over the years groups that have made initiatives in indulging in affirmative action have increased significantly. The rising numbers of these groups has given discriminated people hope of a better future. Moreover, in as much as people are not involved in affirmative action, there is a wide global support. One of the notable groups is the women. All over the world, women have the same aim of gaining equal opportunities in all sectors of the economy for instance, education, employment and business (Jacobs, 2004). It is evident that the process of empowering of women around the world has been a tune from the past decade. Due to this, there has been an upward trend on the rising number of significant figures in society working for the cause. An example is Oprah Winfrey. Oprah has been credited for her ability to instil confidence among many women in the quest to advance themselves and champion for their rights all over the world. However, affirmative action has critics who oppose these moves in all ways possible. Some people argue that legal practices and courts take positive action to the matter for the purpose of building their reputation. According to Skrentny (2004), some judges tend to make rules in favour of affirmative action groups sp that they can gain more support in their line of duty. Additionally, some affirmative action groups may use manipulation to gain what they need as well as gain attention. It is, nevertheless, vital to note that although affirmative action is for a positive cause in the society, misusing the attention they get is not a positive thing either (Orfield, 2001). In the course of time, affirmative action has risen to be the best tool to use in a court of law. This gives the people the assumption that affirmative action is more than legal practices. In modern society, there are the minority who try to gun dow n affirmative action. Their efforts have been futile since there is no court or counsel which will support any case against affirmative action. In the views of Ibarra (2001), the minority group does not aim to bring back issues of racism experienced in past years, but attempt to expose the other point of view apart from the affirmative action point of view. Schwartz (2009) indicates that, since the realization of affirmative action, the marginalized groups tend to take full advantage of the global support and gain society class and recognition. The major question remains

Organisation and management issues of Alcan Essay

Organisation and management issues of Alcan - Essay Example s mentioned earlier, aluminium is a long term, and also a capital-intensive business, and as far as Lynemouth is concerned, it had begun its operations in the year 1972, and one of the major costs of operation was the power that it had to use for the process of smelting, twenty fours hours a day, all year round. In the year 1990, the plant had about 780 employees, the majority of whom were male, and who had been with the plant since its inception. Work organization was traditional, and the work turnover was low. (Newell; Scarbrough, 2002) There was in addition, a perception that the organization desired to impose changes, by using parts of already existing agreements, instead of involving the Unions. While the employees also reported that the management was not alt all communicative with them, the Union had to take up the cause, and it was requested that the management cooperate with trade unions to establish a better relationship with the employees, because the productivity of the plant was declining as a result of dissatisfaction. Gradually, there was overcapacity with the opening of new plants, and the price of aluminium started to fall, and employment also started to decline from 56,000 to 46,000. In 1991, one of the two pot lines of the plant had to be closed down, and there was a redundancy of fifty percent of the entire workforce. With only one line of operation, Lynemouth was faced with great difficulties, and the management found that they would have to somehow raise efficiency levels immediately, so that pro duction would be improved. Soon team working was brought in, with the cooperation of the trade unions, and in 1994, direct supervision was abolished, and in its place, team leaders were appointed to supervise operations, but the problem was that he could... There are certain specific issues in the Alcan Case that can be analyzed, like change, teamwork, and the managerial structure of the organization. Today, Alcan is entirely different in several aspects, from the Alcan of a mere four years ago. The company has grown operating earnings of 18% annual compound rate and has also managed to invest $8.8 billion for developing and to maintaining the growth of the organization, mainly through acquisitions and taking advantage of internal opportunities, like for example, the expansion of the Alouette Center in Quebec. These were some of the numerous strategic investments that Alcan had embarked on in the recent past, and it is because of this that Alcan has been able to effectively strengthen its global presence, and also maintain its stability and sustainability. Today, it can be stated that the main strengths of the company lie in the unique combination of its strong and committed workforce, and also because of its strong network of operation s. (Innovative aluminium and packaging Solutions Worldwide.In addition, its excellent customer base, in combination with the management’s decision to embark on and to maintain a sustainable and an innovative strategic alliance with its numerous customer and suppliers, making the organization one of the most dynamic and multilingual and multicultural organizations in the global world of today, with more than 70,000 employees in about fifty-five countries all over the world.